@article {pmid40496119,
year = {2025},
author = {Kunjavara, J and George, RJ and L, MK and Sam, ST and Mannethodi, K},
title = {Unbreakable in Crisis: A Systematic Review Exploring Nurse Resilience and Contributing Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Public health challenges},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {e70015},
pmid = {40496119},
issn = {2769-2450},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) placed an unprecedented burden on the global healthcare system, severely affecting the physical and mental health of healthcare workers, particularly nurses. Nurses faced immense workloads, increased infection risks, uncertainty, and public scrutiny. Despite these challenges, nurses were lauded for their dedication and resilience in confronting the pandemic. Many experienced mortality, morbidity, and post-COVID sequelae. This review integrates psychological resilience literature from 2020 to 2022, utilizing Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria, focusing on how nurses demonstrated resilience during the COVID-19 crisis. Most studies reported a moderate level of resilience, with a mean score of 62.54. Factors such as positive acceptance of change, trust in personal judgment, perceived competence, and spiritual influences were positively associated with resilience, whereas burnout, anxiety, and depressive thoughts negatively impacted it. Resilience was found to mediate the relationships between variables like perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and quality of life. The literature suggests that healthcare administrations should foster a healthy work environment, maintain an optimistic outlook, and establish strong connections with frontline staff to mitigate the pandemic's impact. Providing supportive environments, resilience training, and mental health interventions will be crucial in enhancing resilience for future crises.},
}

@article {pmid40495805,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Y},
title = {Is SARS-CoV-2 facing constraints in its adaptive evolution?.},
journal = {Biomolecules & biomedicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.17305/bb.2025.12537},
pmid = {40495805},
issn = {2831-090X},
abstract = {The ultimate measure of viral fitness is the ability to maintain high prevalence within its host species. Effective transmission, efficient replication, and rapid immune evasion all contribute to this outcome. Over the past five years, SARS-CoV-2 has successfully adapted to humans, establishing long-term reservoirs and enabling sustained coexistence with the human population. We have observed innovative, synergistic mutations in the spike (S) protein that enhance receptor binding. Adaptation to the upper respiratory tract has shortened the incubation period, thereby facilitating viral spread. These improvements have also enabled immune escape mutations, even when such changes compromise replicative fitness. Adaptive mutations have driven intermittent selective sweeps by dominant variants. However, there are limits to functional enhancement. The receptor binding affinity of the S protein appears to have peaked between 2022 and 2023. The accumulation of fixed mutations plateaued following the emergence of BA.2.86/JN.1 around late 2023 and early 2024. Purifying selection has been the dominant evolutionary force acting on nonsynonymous mutations in the Omicron lineage, and the overall fitness impact of missense mutations in key viral proteins has declined. Additionally, due to weak selection pressure on synonymous mutations, the codon adaptation index in humans has been decreasing among Omicron subvariants. As a result, Omicron lineages have replicated less efficiently in cell cultures compared to the original virus, and recent variants show further attenuation in animal models. In the human population, this attenuation is reflected in declining COVID-19-related mortality, despite persistently high infection rates.},
}

@article {pmid40495641,
year = {2025},
author = {Stoevesandt, J and Schmalzing, M and Mohme, S and Goebeler, M},
title = {Vaccination in dermatology 2025: Update considering current recommendations of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination.},
journal = {Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ddg.15785},
pmid = {40495641},
issn = {1610-0387},
abstract = {The immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatment of dermatological patients necessitates the regular review and updating of standard vaccinations and vaccines indicated for specific conditions. The German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute regularly publishes evidence-based vaccination recommendations, which are adapted to the current epidemiological situation and availability of vaccines. Since 2020, several changes have been made that are relevant for patients with dermato(onco)logical diseases: (1) COVID-19 was defined as a new viral disease and several vaccines have been introduced; (2) in response to the global Mpox outbreak in 2022, a non-replicating live vaccine based on the modified Ankara vaccinia virus, which was approved in 2013 for the prevention of smallpox, was given an indication extension; (3) a new inactivated high-dose vaccine was approved for influenza vaccination of persons aged 60 years and older; (4) a new 20-valent conjugate vaccine is available for pneumococcal vaccination; (5) two recombinant vaccines against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were recently approved. This article discusses the correspondingly adapted STIKO recommendations for adults, with particular emphasis on their implementation in immunocompromised patients in dermatology.},
}

@article {pmid40493066,
year = {2025},
author = {Chryssofos, S and Jeong, D and Yaeger, L and Badran, S},
title = {Surgical Care in the Era of Mpox Clade I: A Review and Call for Preparedness.},
journal = {The American surgeon},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {31348251351001},
doi = {10.1177/00031348251351001},
pmid = {40493066},
issn = {1555-9823},
abstract = {The Mpox virus, formerly known as Monkeypox, was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in July 2022 due to its rapid global spread. By 2024, the more virulent and fatal Clade Ib variant had reached the United States. While Mpox typically presents with a self-limited rash, severe manifestations requiring surgical intervention have become increasingly prevalent, necessitating heightened awareness and preparedness among surgeons.This narrative review, specifically targeting surgeons, provides a comprehensive summary of the current data on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, perioperative considerations, and surgical management of Mpox-related conditions. It outlines essential hospital protocols and perioperative precautions to mitigate nosocomial spread, drawing useful parallels with measures established for COVID-19. It also addresses Mpox-related surgical pathologies, including colorectal abscesses, cutaneous scarring, facial lesions, and ocular complications, detailing management strategies for each.Our findings emphasize the need for rigorous infection control measures, early recognition of surgical indications, and interdisciplinary coordination to optimize patient outcomes, especially since Mpox is most readily transmitted among immunocompromised individuals, such as those who have undergone solid organ transplants. The virus primarily spreads through sexual transmission and contact with infected skin lesions, necessitating standardized hospital protocols to minimize its spread, particularly in operating rooms. Colorectal manifestations often require surgical drainage, with colostomy being necessary in severe cases, while ophthalmic manifestations demand prompt and aggressive management to preserve vision. Airway management and anesthetic planning are also critical considerations in cases involving oropharyngeal Mpox lesions.This review highlights the urgent need for ongoing documentation and research to refine surgical management protocols for Mpox, enhancing preparedness for future outbreaks. The complexity and severity of Mpox-related surgical pathologies underscore the necessity for further studies to refine management strategies, develop innovative treatments, and improve patient outcomes. Future research should aim to deepen our understanding of Mpox pathophysiology and optimize protocols to ensure safe and effective care for affected patients. This is essential in an era marked by the threat of emerging infectious diseases and the lessons learned from recent global health crises.},
}

@article {pmid40492581,
year = {2025},
author = {Vlaming-van Eijk, LE and Tang, G and Bourgonje, AR and den Dunnen, WF and Hillebrands, JL and van Goor, H},
title = {Post-COVID-19 condition: clinical phenotypes, pathophysiological mechanisms, pathology, and management strategies.},
journal = {The Journal of pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/path.6443},
pmid = {40492581},
issn = {1096-9896},
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC), also known as long COVID, is a complex multiple organ system condition that can develop and persist for months after acute COVID-19. PCC encompasses a wide range of symptoms, resulting in heterogeneous clinical manifestations. These manifestations likely arise from diverse underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, which, in turn, are influenced by risk factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities. To this end, characterising clinical phenotypes of PCC is essential for deepening our understanding of its (potentially) distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and for advancing diagnostic and patient-tailored management strategies. PCC is thought to result from a complex interaction of various pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to functional and structural pathological alterations across multiple organ systems. Investigating these alterations is critical to improving our currently incomplete understanding of PCC's complex pathophysiology. This review provides an overview of the main clinical phenotypes of PCC, characterises these phenotypes by examining symptoms and signs, as well as the associated risk factors. The main hypothesised pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed by outlining the current knowledge on PCC pathology, focussing on the most commonly affected organ systems. Current PCC management includes supportive care such as physiotherapy and the repurposing of existing drugs primarily targeting persistence of SARS-CoV-2 (e.g. antivirals, monoclonal antibodies) and immune dysfunction (e.g. antiinflammatory drugs, immunomodulators). To date, prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains critical, which can be achieved through effective public health measures and vaccination strategies. Finally, this review highlights current knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions to advance the understanding and treatment of PCC. © 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.},
}

@article {pmid40491997,
year = {2025},
author = {Rosa, RJ and Andrade, RLP and Perticarrara Ferezin, L and de Campos, MCT and Moura, HSD and Berra, TZ and Ribeiro, NM and Teibo, TKA and Vinci, ALT and Mendes Delpino, F and Torres, MÁF and Arcêncio, RA},
title = {Risk perception of severity or death from COVID-19: a systematic review of the factors associated.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1543629},
pmid = {40491997},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/mortality/psychology ; Severity of Illness Index ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Health risk perception and factors associated with the severity or death from COVID-19 were key elements that influenced individuals' protective behaviors during the pandemic. Understanding these perceptions is crucial for public health guidelines that encourage preventive measures and improve an outbreak response strategy. Thus, this systematic review aimed to identify factors associated with the perception of risk of severity or death from COVID-19.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted with an article search performed in March 2024 across five databases, utilizing both controlled and free vocabulary. Studies published from 2020 onward were included. Two reviewers independently selected articles, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. The data were extracted using a structured form, and the findings were synthesized narratively. The studies included in the review underwent a methodological quality assessment using tools proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute.

RESULTS: Nineteen articles were included in the review. Among the factors most frequently associated with the perception of severe illness or death from COVID-19 were advanced age, female gender, personal experience or witnessing of adverse COVID-19 outcomes, the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases, and lower educational attainment.

CONCLUSION: The study highlights that the perception of risk for COVID-19 severity or death varied according to age, gender, and prior experiences with the disease. Such findings can guide healthcare practices and contribute to the formulation of public policies, strengthening responses to future public health crises.

identifier CRD42024444734, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024444734.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/mortality/psychology
Severity of Illness Index
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Male
Risk Factors
Sex Factors

@article {pmid40491910,
year = {2025},
author = {Song, J and Wang, Y and Xie, Z and Wei, J and Wang, J},
title = {Review of the mechanism of infection induced cerebral small vessel disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1594891},
pmid = {40491910},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases/etiology/virology/immunology/pathology ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Zika Virus Infection/complications/immunology ; HIV Infections/complications/immunology ; Hepatitis C/complications/immunology ; Zika Virus ; },
abstract = {Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) refers to a group of pathological syndromes that affect the brain's microcirculation. These conditions involve damage to small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and small veins. Cerebrovascular risk factors, immunosenescence, and inflammatory responses contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease. The global impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has drawn significant attention to chronic inflammation caused by infections. Research into the mechanisms by which infections induce CSVD has made continual advancements. It is imperative to reassess the importance of managing infections and the chronic inflammatory phase that follows, highlighting their critical role in the pathogenesis. Our focus encompasses SARS-CoV-2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Zika Virus(ZIKV), Treponema pallidum, as well as the microbial communities within the gut and oral cavity. These pathogen infections and chronic inflammation can contribute to CSVD through mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, microthrombosis, and endothelial cell damage, thereby promoting the occurrence and progression of the disease. This highlights the need for detailed mechanistic research on CSVD associated with these pathogens. Furthermore, we hope that in the future, we will be able to devise targeted prevention and treatment strategies for CSVD based on the unique characteristics of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with various infections.},
}

Humans
*Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases/etiology/virology/immunology/pathology
*COVID-19/complications/immunology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
Animals
Blood-Brain Barrier
Zika Virus Infection/complications/immunology
HIV Infections/complications/immunology
Hepatitis C/complications/immunology
Zika Virus

@article {pmid40491760,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, L and Wu, L and Chen, Y and Deng, R and Hu, Y and Tu, Y and Fang, B},
title = {Clinical management of sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: current evidence and future directions.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1531275},
pmid = {40491760},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. The lungs are among the first and most significantly affected organs in sepsis. Pulmonary infections or systemic inflammatory cascades triggered by various pathogens can lead to acute and diffuse pulmonary damage, often manifesting as persistent hypoxemia. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted critical knowledge gaps in SA-ARDS management, necessitating paradigm reevaluation under the new global definition of ARDS. This paper analyzes the pathomechanisms and subphenotype characteristics of SA-ARDS, reviews recent advances in clinical management, such as fluid resuscitation, antimicrobial therapy, immune modulation, respiratory support, microcirculatory improvement, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies, and addresses controversial issues and areas requiring further investigation.},
}

@article {pmid40491607,
year = {2025},
author = {Schapira, K and Govind, A and Lakhi, N},
title = {The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Postgraduate Training in Obstetrics and Gynaecology: A Global Perspective.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {e83783},
pmid = {40491607},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {This paper reviews survey studies to assess the global impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G) training from the perspectives of trainees and programme directors (PDs). An electronic literature review of the PubMed database was conducted from March 2020 to December 2024 for topics pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic and trainee education to identify pertinent validated and non-validated survey studies. Ten studies were identified that analysed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on postgraduate training in O&G. All 10 studies utilised non-validated questionnaires. Two studies (total respondents: N=182) assessed the viewpoint of O&G PDs, and eight studies (total respondents: N=1416) solicited the perspectives of postgraduate trainees (PGTs) in O&G. Countries represented include Brazil, the European Union (EU) (encompassing 25 different countries), Germany, India, Italy, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The themes identified were as follows: (1) trainee reassignment, (2) restructuring of didactic and research activities, and (3) loss of clinical training opportunities within the specialty and its impact on trainees' mental health. Understanding this impact is key to enable better planning in similar pandemics in the future. The review suggests that there were both positive and negative impacts of the pandemic that may forever shape trainee education.},
}

@article {pmid40491355,
year = {2025},
author = {Gentry, MT and Beito, AH and Hilty, DM},
title = {Telehealth Competencies to Ensure Health Care Access, Quality, and Equity for Older Adults: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1089/tmj.2025.0080},
pmid = {40491355},
issn = {1556-3669},
abstract = {Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased use of telehealth expanded access to health care for older adults. Many clinicians and health systems adjusted workflows and realized that certain competencies are needed to fully engage older adults in telehealth services. This scoping review evaluates the approaches needed to educate clinicians about providing telehealth services to older adults. Methods: We conducted a review of studies published from January 2000 through February 2024 by using the 6-stage scoping review process. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and five other databases included the concept areas of competencies, telehealth delivery of mental health services, and older adults. Results: We initially identified 813 articles, of which 89 were eligible for full-text review and 15 met our inclusion criteria. Most studies included training participants about the use of telehealth but without formal curricular interventions or evaluations and lacked details about topics, materials, methods, or outcomes. Telehealth training was general and focused primarily on the use of technology and telepresence, although not specifically for older adults. Three themes were identified from the studies: the role of teams and interprofessional education, the importance of training for clinicians and older patients, and adaptations to improve telehealth delivery for older adults. Conclusions: Individual and institutional competencies are needed to guide educational goals and outcome measures related to telehealth services for older adults. The use of telehealth specifically for older adults may require adaptation to clinical practice and delivery, adjustments to workflow, development of clinician skills, and promotion of interprofessional teamwork.},
}

@article {pmid40491233,
year = {2025},
author = {Ito, Y and Takazono, T and Namie, H and Tashiro, M and Kakeya, H and Miyazaki, Y and Mukae, H and Mikamo, H and Fukuda, T and Shibuya, K and Izumikawa, K},
title = {Incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Specialist Involvement in Its Diagnosis in Japan: A Nationwide Survey and Literature Review.},
journal = {Mycoses},
volume = {68},
number = {6},
pages = {e70077},
doi = {10.1111/myc.70077},
pmid = {40491233},
issn = {1439-0507},
support = {//Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases and Immunization/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/diagnosis ; Japan/epidemiology ; Incidence ; *Pulmonary Aspergillosis/epidemiology/diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Galactose/analogs & derivatives ; Mannans/analysis ; Pulmonologists/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has been reported worldwide. However, studies in Japan are limited, and no study has evaluated the relationship between the incidence of CAPA and specialist involvement in its diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to obtain new epidemiological data on CAPA in Japan and evaluate the relationship between the incidence of CAPA and specialist involvement in its diagnosis.

METHODS: A survey was conducted among chief physicians at 760 training hospitals with at least 100 beds and accredited by the Japanese Respiratory Society or the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Critical patients with COVID-19 diagnosed with CAPA between 1 January 2020 and 31 August 2023 were analysed. A literature review was conducted to evaluate the correlations between the incidence of CAPA and galactomannan (GM) testing and positivity rates.

RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 221 of the 760 hospitals (29.1%). The incidence of CAPA was 0.67% (69/10,276). Hospitals with patients with CAPA had significantly more pulmonologists and infectious disease specialists than those without patients with CAPA. A strong positive correlation was observed between the incidence of CAPA and the number of pulmonologists per critical patient with COVID-19 (r = 0.824, p < 0.001). The literature review showed that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid GM testing rate was a strong positive correlation with the incidence of CAPA (r = 0.527, p = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS: For the diagnosis of CAPA, its recognition by specialists primarily involved in managing critical patients with COVID-19 seems essential.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/diagnosis
Japan/epidemiology
Incidence
*Pulmonary Aspergillosis/epidemiology/diagnosis
Surveys and Questionnaires
SARS-CoV-2
Galactose/analogs & derivatives
Mannans/analysis
Pulmonologists/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid40491090,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, S and Zhang, S and Liu, J},
title = {Resurgence of pertussis: Epidemiological trends, contributing factors, challenges, and recommendations for vaccination and surveillance.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {2513729},
pmid = {40491090},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Whooping Cough/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage/immunology ; *Vaccination ; Bordetella pertussis/immunology/genetics ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Global Health ; Immunization Programs ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Incidence ; Infant ; World Health Organization ; },
abstract = {Pertussis, a respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains a global health challenge despite decades of vaccination. The inclusion of diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccines in the World Health Organization (WHO) Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 1974 significantly reduced incidence worldwide. However, since the 1980s, pertussis resurgence has been observed in both high-income and low- and middle-income nations. The COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted vaccination, exacerbating outbreaks. Contributing factors include genetic mutations in Bordetella pertussis, vaccine differences, waning immunity, inadequate immunization, disease cyclicity, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with improved surveillance, diagnostics, and awareness. Pertussis continues to impose a substantial disease burden, with infants being the most vulnerable. This review examines pertussis epidemiology from 1980 to 2023, analyzing resurgence drivers and evaluating current progress and persistent challenges in vaccination strategies and surveillance efforts.},
}

Humans
*Whooping Cough/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage/immunology
*Vaccination
Bordetella pertussis/immunology/genetics
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
Global Health
Immunization Programs
Epidemiological Monitoring
Incidence
Infant
World Health Organization

@article {pmid40490654,
year = {2025},
author = {Tao, Y and Yang, Y and Luo, B and Lian, D and Weng, J and Li, F and Yan, J and Chen, Y},
title = {Did Economic Evaluations on Pharmaceuticals and Vaccination for COVID-19 Maintain Adequate Reporting Quality? A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of evidence-based medicine},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {e70040},
doi = {10.1111/jebm.70040},
pmid = {40490654},
issn = {1756-5391},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/economics ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/economics ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Vaccination/economics ; },
abstract = {AIM: This study seeks to assess the reporting quality of published health economic evaluations (HEEs) on vaccination and pharmaceuticals for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and identify potential predictors associated with reporting quality.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, INAHTA, and Chinese databases (e.g., SinoMed, CNKI, and WANGFANG Database). HEEs published between January 1, 2020, and August 20, 2022, that considered both costs and outcomes of vaccination and pharmaceuticals for COVID-19 were included. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement scored the reporting quality for incorporated studies. A linear regression analysis was employed to characterize the impact of various features on reporting quality.

RESULTS: Fifty-two studies were included in the analysis. The average CHEERS score was 18.54±3.41, with the scoring rate of reporting quality was 67% (±12%). The most inadequately reported items included health economic analysis plan, time horizon, valuation of outcomes, heterogeneity, uncertainty, distributional effects, and stakeholder involvement. Higher reporting compliance was associated with articles applying a longer time horizon (no less than 1 year) and those using a societal perspective (p < 0.05). The investigations that did not specify a study perspective received the lowest scores among the subgroups.

CONCLUSION: Overall, the included HEEs on vaccination and pharmaceuticals for COVID-19 had moderate reporting quality. Future HEEs should be transparently and sufficiently reported in accordance with standard guidelines (e.g., the CHEERS 2022 statement), to increase the interpretability of results, improve the reporting quality, and better inform the decision-making.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/economics
*COVID-19 Vaccines/economics
*Cost-Benefit Analysis
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Vaccination/economics

@article {pmid40490389,
year = {2025},
author = {Jeong, YI and Lee, HY and Lee, S and Jeong, GY and Kim, SH and Kim, S and Seo, SH and Shin, NR},
title = {Korea's National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: Focusing on the Appropriate Use of Antibiotics.},
journal = {Infection & chemotherapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3947/ic.2025.0028},
pmid = {40490389},
issn = {2093-2340},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as one of the top ten global public health threats. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there has been a notable increase in global concern regarding AMR, leading to a strong call for a government-led response to address this issue. Since 2016, the Korean government has established and implemented a robust social foundation for managing AMR. This foundation encompasses several elements: enhancing the medical environment for infection prevention, providing support for the antimicrobial stewardship program in healthcare organizations, strengthening cooperation among multidisciplinary policy ministries, requiring veterinarians to prescribe antimicrobials in non-human fields, and enhancing food safety management in livestock and aquatic products. However, as the threat of AMR has intensified during the ongoing pandemic, the necessity for implementing a National Action Plan becomes even more critical. Therefore, the Third National Action Plan 2026-2030 is crucial to take into account several critical factors: raising awareness of AMR, strengthening of antimicrobial stewardship, halting the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, strengthening surveillance of antimicrobial use and AMR rates, strengthening internal and external collaborative efforts to combat AMR, and the final factor to consider is to enhance further antimicrobial development and diagnostic technologies to better manage and prevent AMR.},
}

@article {pmid40489852,
year = {2025},
author = {Obeagu, EI and Bolo, B},
title = {Climate change and medical laboratory operations: Impacts, challenges, and adaptation strategies: A narrative review.},
journal = {Medicine},
volume = {104},
number = {23},
pages = {e42718},
pmid = {40489852},
issn = {1536-5964},
mesh = {*Climate Change ; Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Laboratories, Clinical/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Climate change is increasingly disrupting medical laboratory operations worldwide, affecting diagnostic accuracy, infrastructure integrity, and supply chain stability. Hurricane Maria in 2017 devastated Puerto Rico, a major hub for medical supply manufacturing, leading to critical shortages of blood bags and reagents in U.S. hospitals. Rising global temperatures have also challenged the stability of temperature-sensitive reagents and biological samples, with studies indicating that a mere 2°C increase in ambient temperature can significantly reduce enzyme activity in diagnostic assays. Laboratories, particularly in low-resource settings, are struggling to maintain optimal storage conditions, raising concerns about the reliability of test results in disease diagnosis and monitoring. Extreme weather events and shifting disease patterns further compound these challenges. Flooding in South Asia has repeatedly disrupted microbiology laboratories, causing waterborne pathogen contamination and delays in infectious disease testing. In Sub-Saharan Africa, rising temperatures have expanded the range of malaria-carrying mosquitoes, increasing the demand for diagnostic services beyond the capacity of many laboratories. Supply chain disruptions due to climate-related disasters have led to prolonged shortages of essential testing materials, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic when heatwaves affected the production and transportation of medical reagents. These disruptions highlight the urgent need for climate-adaptive strategies to ensure laboratory resilience and continuity in healthcare services. To mitigate these impacts, laboratories must adopt sustainable infrastructure and operational practices. Key recommendations include transitioning to solar-powered refrigeration to prevent sample degradation during power outages, investing in climate-resilient laboratory buildings, and enhancing digital diagnostic capabilities to reduce reliance on physical sample transportation.},
}

*Climate Change
Humans
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Laboratories, Clinical/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40489594,
year = {2025},
author = {Lucas Molitor, W and Feldhacker, DR and Li, Z and Kuhl, N and Jewell, VD},
title = {Occupational Therapy Telehealth Interventions Across Populations From 2019 to 2022: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association},
volume = {79},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.5014/ajot.2025.050939},
pmid = {40489594},
issn = {0272-9490},
mesh = {Humans ; *Occupational Therapy/methods/trends ; *Telemedicine ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Chronic Disease/rehabilitation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: The utilization of telehealth to deliver occupational therapy services and research focusing on the effectiveness of these interventions has increased since 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To update systematic review findings since 2019 on the effectiveness of occupational therapy telehealth interventions for clients of all ages.

DATA SOURCES: Data were gathered from PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and hand searching relevant literature.

This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles selected included telehealth-delivered occupational therapy, peer-reviewed publications in English between 2019 and 2022, and Levels 1b, 2b, or 3b evidence.

FINDINGS: Forty-three studies were included. Strong strength of evidence supports telehealth interventions for lifestyle interventions to address chronic conditions. Moderate strength of evidence supports telehealth interventions for various outcomes to address chronic conditions, developmental disorders, neurological conditions, and people affected by COVID-19 isolation. Low strength of evidence supports telehealth interventions for various outcomes across identified subthemes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Telehealth use is rapidly increasing. Evidence supports occupational therapy-delivered telehealth for clients experiencing a chronic or musculoskeletal condition and may support interventions for other populations. Plain-Language Summary: This study provides a summary of 43 articles on the effectiveness of occupational therapy telehealth interventions for all ages and populations from 2019 to 2022. Telehealth occupational therapy interventions can effectively support clients with chronic conditions and shows promise for promoting outcomes to address developmental disorders, neurological conditions, musculoskeletal conditions, and those who were affected by isolation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.},
}

Humans
*Occupational Therapy/methods/trends
*Telemedicine
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Chronic Disease/rehabilitation
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40381561,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohan, A and Dummi Mahadevan, G and Anand Iyer, V and Mukherjee, TK and Haribhai Patel, V and Kumar, R and Siddiqui, N and Nayak, M and Maurya, PK and Kumar, P},
title = {Dietary flavonoids in health and diseases: A concise review of their role in homeostasis and therapeutics.},
journal = {Food chemistry},
volume = {487},
number = {},
pages = {144674},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144674},
pmid = {40381561},
issn = {1873-7072},
mesh = {Humans ; *Flavonoids/metabolism/chemistry/administration & dosage ; Animals ; Homeostasis/drug effects ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Diet ; },
abstract = {Over the past few decades, extensive research has delved into the health advantages of flavonoids, exploring their physiological effects through cell-based assays, epidemiological studies, and human intervention trials. The regular intake of plant-derived flavonoids has shown therapeutic potential against noncommunicable pathophysiological conditions, including carcinoma and various inflammatory disorders. Among the myriads of flavonoids, many have been shown to inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides in Alzheimer's disease, while anthocyanins exhibit cardioprotective effects by improving endothelial function and lowering blood pressure. In addition, their efficacy is known to manage infectious communicable diseases caused by various bacteria and viruses, such as S. pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2. Currently, flavonoids are being used to develop new drugs for both communicable and noncommunicable diseases because of their intricate metabolism and bioavailability, leveraging their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This concise review provides insights into the potential of flavonoids for therapeutics and disease management, particularly with respect to cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and antimicrobial action. The implications of these findings underscore the necessity for further exploration of flavonoid-rich diets and their incorporation into therapeutic practices to harness their full health benefits.},
}

Humans
*Flavonoids/metabolism/chemistry/administration & dosage
Animals
Homeostasis/drug effects
Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Diet

@article {pmid40047234,
year = {2025},
author = {Kern, JA and Kaufman, EJ},
title = {Firearm injury: pushing forward.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {244-251},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000001262},
pmid = {40047234},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {Humans ; *Wounds, Gunshot/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Firearms/statistics & numerical data ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Public Health ; *Violence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognition of firearm injury as a public health challenge increasingly garners mainstream acceptance, accompanied by increased federal funding for firearm research and federal coordination for firearm injury prevention and response. This review summarizes recent developments relevant to firearm injury epidemiology, prevention, and outcomes.

RECENT FINDINGS: Interpersonal firearm violence reached a 30-year peak during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the last 2 years have indicated some improvement. Here, we offer updates regarding firearm injury epidemiology, including disparities according to race, ethnicity, age, sex, and geography. This review summarizes recent literature on risk and protective factors for firearm injury, including aspects related to existing or emerging public policy. New data on the long-term costs and outcomes of firearm injury show pervasive effects, while studies on violence intervention programming, mental health interventions, and coordinated care for survivors of injury offer the potential to improve patient recovery. Lastly, enhanced firearm data infrastructure may yield higher quality research and enable more effective prevention and recovery interventions.

SUMMARY: Recent findings underscore the multifactorial contributors to the far-reaching public health challenge of firearm injury. Clinicians, researchers, and policy makers must appreciate both the acute and long-term broad consequences of this epidemic to develop, deploy, and evaluate effective interventions to reduce firearm injury harm.},
}

Humans
*Wounds, Gunshot/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Firearms/statistics & numerical data
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Risk Factors
Public Health
*Violence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data
United States/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39976222,
year = {2025},
author = {Francovich, JE and Katira, BH and Jonkman, AH},
title = {Electrical impedance tomography to set positive end-expiratory pressure.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {319-327},
pmid = {39976222},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods ; Humans ; *Electric Impedance ; *Tomography/methods ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging ; *COVID-19/therapy/physiopathology ; Respiratory Mechanics/physiology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the rationale and concepts for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and the effects of EIT-based PEEP setting on cardiopulmonary function.

RECENT FINDINGS: EIT allows patient-specific and regional assessment of PEEP effects on recruitability and overdistension, including its impact on ventilation-perfusion (V̇/Q) mismatch. The overdistension and collapse (OD-CL) method is the most used EIT-based approach for PEEP setting. In the RECRUIT study of 108 COVID-19 ARDS patients, the PEEP level corresponding to the OD-CL crossing point showed low overdistension and collapse (below 10% and 5%, respectively) regardless of recruitability. In a porcine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it was shown that at this crossing point, respiratory mechanics (compliance, Δ P) were consistent, with adequate preload, lower right ventricular afterload, normal cardiac output, and sufficient gas exchange. A recent meta-analysis found that EIT based PEEP setting improved lung mechanics and potentially outcomes in ARDS patients. EIT thus provides critical insights beyond respiratory mechanics and oxygenation for individualized PEEP optimization. EIT-based methods for PEEP setting during assisted ventilation have also been proposed.

SUMMARY: EIT is a valuable technique to guide individualized PEEP setting utilizing cardiopulmonary information that is not captured by respiratory mechanics and oxygenation response alone.},
}

*Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods
Humans
*Electric Impedance
*Tomography/methods
*Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging
*COVID-19/therapy/physiopathology
Respiratory Mechanics/physiology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40488927,
year = {2025},
author = {Keam, SJ},
title = {Sipavibart: First Approval.},
journal = {Drugs},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40488927},
issn = {1179-1950},
abstract = {Sipavibart (KAVIGALE[®]), a recombinant human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1-based antibody, is being developed by AstraZeneca for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals. Sipavibart was approved in December 2024 in Japan to prevent the onset of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 in adults and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years weighing ≥ 40 kg where vaccination against infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 is not recommended or may not achieve a sufficient immune response. Sipavibart was also approved in the EU for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in adults and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years weighing ≥ 40 kg who are immunocompromised due to a medical condition or receipt of immunosuppressive treatments in January 2025 and in Canada in March 2025. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of sipavibart leading to this first approval for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in immunocompromised adults and adolescents.},
}

@article {pmid40488888,
year = {2025},
author = {Ahmed, A and Cahn, B and Haber, R},
title = {Wells syndrome: emerging triggers and treatments- an updated systematic review.},
journal = {Archives of dermatological research},
volume = {317},
number = {1},
pages = {805},
pmid = {40488888},
issn = {1432-069X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Eosinophilia/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/immunology/drug therapy ; *Cellulitis/etiology/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/drug therapy ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use ; Nitriles ; Pyrazoles ; Pyrimidines ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Wells syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis) is a rare inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous, edematous plaques and dermal eosinophilic infiltration. Understanding its evolving triggers and treatment options is critical for optimizing management, particularly in corticosteroid-refractory cases.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review newly reported immunologic and iatrogenic triggers of Wells syndrome, as well as emerging therapies, with the goal of updating clinical guidance. This review focuses on diagnosis and therapy, emphasizing outcomes in patients with refractory or relapsing disease.

EVIDENCE REVIEW: A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines across six databases for English-language studies published between January 2016 and May 2025. Studies were eligible if they described new triggers or treatments for Wells syndrome. Article selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute and Newcastle-Ottawa tools.

FINDINGS: Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria: 21 case reports, 2 case series, and 1 retrospective cohort study. Newly identified triggers included COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines, aluminum- and gelatin-containing pediatric vaccines, and biologic therapies such as ustekinumab and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. In vaccine-related cases, causality was supported by positive patch testing. Novel therapies trialed in corticosteroid-refractory or relapsing patients included dupilumab, topical ruxolitinib, abrocitinib, and mepolizumab. Most patients experienced complete or near-complete resolution. However, recurrences were common, particularly in idiopathic cases or upon re-exposure to known triggers.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Recent literature expands the clinical spectrum of Wells syndrome, highlighting new immunologic and iatrogenic triggers. Targeted treatments, especially biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors, demonstrate promising results and may offer steroid-sparing alternatives for patients with refractory disease. Clinicians should consider emerging triggers in differential diagnosis and evaluate newer therapies in recurrent or treatment-resistant cases. Further prospective and registry-based studies are warranted to validate efficacy and support development of evidence-based management guidelines.},
}

Humans
*Eosinophilia/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/immunology/drug therapy
*Cellulitis/etiology/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/drug therapy
*COVID-19/complications/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Nitriles
Pyrazoles
Pyrimidines

@article {pmid40488703,
year = {2025},
author = {Crump, J and Jackson, D and Algoso, M and Peters, K},
title = {Deployment of Perioperative Nurses From Their Clinical Specialty During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of advanced nursing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jan.17106},
pmid = {40488703},
issn = {1365-2648},
abstract = {AIM: To identify the available records surrounding the deployment of perioperative nurses into differing clinical settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN: Integrative review methodology.

METHODS: Quality appraisal of each record was conducted using a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Data were extracted and presented based on outlined research objectives.

DATA SOURCES: Six electronic databases (CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched, with relevant peer-reviewed records published after 2019 until February 2025 included to differentiate from other respiratory pandemics.

RESULTS: Ten records were included in the review. Opposing discourse exists between perioperative decision makers and those perioperative nurses who underwent deployment to differing clinical areas surrounding perceptions and experiences of deployment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSION: Few studies exist exploring experiences of perioperative nurse deployment to a different clinical area during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is vital to develop strategies that enhance the deployment process and ensure effective patient care across various clinical settings when cared for by deployed perioperative nurses.

Further research exploring transferable perioperative nursing skills and its subsequent influence on safe patient care may enhance and inform nurse deployment practices, enriching future staffing protocols in the event of a future pandemic.

REPORTING METHOD: PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews guided this review.

This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct, or reporting.},
}

@article {pmid40487789,
year = {2025},
author = {Ahmed, SK and Ahmed, DR and Ibrahim, RH and Hussein, S and Blbas, HTA and Mahmood, KA and Qurbani, K and Saber, AF and Abdalla, AQ},
title = {Widespread Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 on Iraq's General Population: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {SAGE open nursing},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {23779608251347847},
pmid = {40487789},
issn = {2377-9608},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Mental health has emerged as a critical public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this review was to analyze and summarize existing literature on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the general population in Iraq.

METHODS: The systematic reviews were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO with the unique identifier CRD42023423291. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus,Medline, and Google Scholar in May 2023 for studies published from January 2020 to January 2023. The researchers used the Joanna Briggs Institute to evaluate the quality of the studies. Data from all the included research in this review were collected and synthesized.

RESULTS: This review included data from 11 high-quality studies conducted in Iraq, involving a total of 8,917 participants. Of these participants, 4,860 (54.5%) were female and 4,057 (45.5%) were male. The aim of these studies was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. The systematic review yielded important findings regarding the prevalence rates of anxiety, stress, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These rates were estimated to be 54.89%, 48.15%, 49.57%, and 31.35% respectively. It is worth noting that various demographic groups in Iraq exhibited elevated levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD, highlighting the significant burden experienced by individuals. These findings emphasize the wide-ranging effects on different segments of the population, including college students and individuals with a history of COVID-19 infection.

CONCLUSION: This review highlights the substantial impact of COVID-19 on mental health in Iraq, noting increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD among various groups. The findings consistently showed a significant mental health burden on Iraqis, urging healthcare authorities and policymakers to implement targeted interventions to address these challenges promptly.},
}

@article {pmid40487254,
year = {2025},
author = {Salehi, M and Salmanton-García, J and Abdollahi, A and Albaji, M and Davoudi-Monfared, E and Siami, Z and Mohammadi, S and Khodavaisy, S and Nazemi, P},
title = {The Value of the Galactomannan Test in Diagnosing COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Review.},
journal = {Iranian journal of pathology},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {142-151},
pmid = {40487254},
issn = {1735-5303},
abstract = {COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a complication of COVID-19. Galactomannan (GM) is a non-invasive test used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis. We collected the existing studies on the diagnostic value of GM to determine a GM level for predicting CAPA. All articles on the value of GM in CAPA diagnosis published until November 2023 were reviewed. The main databases were searched using the following keywords: "aspergillus", "aspergillosis", "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID", "2019 ncovnCOV", "novel coronavirus", "COVID-19", "galactomannan", and "CAPA". Studies with reported levels of serum or BAL GM were included. Patients were classified into two groups: non-confirmed and proven aspergillosis. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine a GM level to predict the likelihood of CAPA. A total of 26 articles were selected, of which 239 patients were included. A count of 123 patients (50%) were in the non-confirmed group and 124 (50%) patients were proven. The median serum GM was 0.51 in the non-confirmed group and 0.47 in the proven group (p= 0.73). The level of GM in BAL fluid was 0.10 in the non-confirmed and 2.80 in the proven group, which was statistically different (p<0.001). With 81.3 % sensitivity and 79.5% specificity, the BAL GM cut-off was 1.01 ODI. The results showed that BAL GM ≥1.01 can be used to predict CAPA. Serum GM did not show any predictive value in diagnosing CAPA. However, BAL GM level can be a reliable diagnostic test in patients with CAPA.},
}

@article {pmid40486850,
year = {2025},
author = {Gu, X and Zheng, M and Gao, Y and Lin, S and Zhang, X and Chen, C and Zhu, H and Sun, W and Zhang, Y},
title = {Overview of host-directed antiviral targets for future research and drug development.},
journal = {Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {1723-1751},
pmid = {40486850},
issn = {2211-3835},
abstract = {Viruses constitute a significant group of pathogens that have caused numerous fatalities and substantial economic losses in recent years, particularly with the emergence of coronaviruses. While the impact of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be diminishing in daily life, only a limited number of drugs have received approval or emergency use authorization for its treatment. Given the high mutation rate of viral genomes, host-directed agents (HDAs) have emerged as a preferred choice due to their broad applicability and lasting effectiveness. In contrast to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), HDAs offer several advantages, including broad-spectrum antiviral activities, potential efficacy against future emerging viruses, and a lower likelihood of inducing drug resistance. In our review article, we have synthesized known host-directed antiviral targets that span diverse cellular pathways and mechanisms, shedding light on the intricate interplay between host cells and viruses. Additionally, we have provided a brief overview of the development of HDAs based on these targets. We aim for this comprehensive analysis to offer valuable perspectives and insights that can guide future antiviral research and drug development efforts.},
}

@article {pmid40393269,
year = {2025},
author = {Struhal, W and Almamoori, D},
title = {A review of the sequelae of post Covid-19 with neurological implications (post-viral syndrome).},
journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences},
volume = {474},
number = {},
pages = {123532},
doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2025.123532},
pmid = {40393269},
issn = {1878-5883},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Nervous System Diseases/etiology/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Post Covid-19 conditions represent a medical challenge; a unified definition is not achieved after 5 years of the Pandemic. The incidence of Post Covid-19 conditions varies, nevertheless the neurological complications represent an important aspect in the spectrums of fields involved. The current perception is that varied manifestations and long-term complications of COVID-19 reflect underlying pathophysiological processes, including inflammatory, immune-mediated, and vascular mechanisms. These mechanisms underscore the complexity of COVID-19's impact including the nervous system and its potential for lasting effects. A number of symptoms are extremely severe and may also need neurologic attention including fatigue, cognitive disturbances, autonomic symptoms, headache, and sleep disorders. Post Covid-19 conditions are often of chronic nature. Management as in other chronic conditions should rely on the conventional diagnostic measures and management of symptoms irrespective of the temporal relation to the viral infection. To date Post Covid-19 conditions is only accepted as an additional or explanatory diagnosis.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Nervous System Diseases/etiology/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39889734,
year = {2025},
author = {Kwon, E and Blank, G and Starkey, S and Chapman, C and Lategan, C and Shulha, H and Kitchin, V and Silverberg, S and Sauvé, L and Sadarangani, M},
title = {Child Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Throughout the Pandemic: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal},
volume = {44},
number = {7},
pages = {696-706},
doi = {10.1097/INF.0000000000004733},
pmid = {39889734},
issn = {1532-0987},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/transmission/epidemiology ; Child ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Pandemics ; Infant ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This systematic review sought to characterize child-to-child and child-to-adult transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted from April 1, 2021, to December 15, 2023, to estimate secondary attack rates (SARs) and secondary infections per index case (case rate) from index cases up to age 20 years. SAR and case rate were analyzed based on age, setting, country and variant prevalence. Meta-analysis was conducted on the SAR data.

RESULTS: Eighty-six studies were included, representing 33,674 index cases. The total pooled SAR was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.07-0.16); 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03-0.10) for child-to-child transmission and 0.15 (95% CI: 0.07-0.30) for child-to-adult transmission. Pooled SAR in households was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.24-0.34) and was 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01-0.04) in schools.

CONCLUSIONS: The role of children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is small, particularly in schools. This work can help inform policies that effectively reduce transmission while minimizing adverse effects on children.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/transmission/epidemiology
Child
*SARS-CoV-2
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
Pandemics
Infant
Young Adult

@article {pmid40486513,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, LZ and Cai, Q and Zheng, PF},
title = {Mitochondrial metabolic rescue in post-COVID-19 syndrome: MR spectroscopy insights and precision nutritional therapeutics.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1597370},
pmid = {40486513},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism/complications/diet therapy ; *Mitochondria/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Precision Medicine ; *Nutrition Therapy/methods ; Energy Metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC), impacting 30-90% of survivors, is characterized by persistent fatigue and metabolic dysfunction, often linked to underlying mitochondrial impairment. This review examines current evidence on mitochondrial-targeted nutrition therapies, with a focus on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a tool for assessing metabolic recovery. Key findings highlight reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, heightened oxidative stress, and disrupted mitochondrial biogenesis- metabolic abnormalities that closely mirror those seen in chronic fatigue syndromes. While mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as central, debate continues on whether systemic inflammation or direct viral damage primarily drives these abnormalities. Current evidence supports nutrients, such as, CoQ10, NAC, and creatine for restoring energy metabolism and reducing oxidative stress. MRS biomarkers (τPCr, Qmax), offer valuable tools for monitoring personalized intervention. However, several limitations persist, including variability in nutritional protocols, inconsistencies in MRS methodologies, and limited consideration of microbiome-psychosocial interactions. Most clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes, lacking data on long-term efficacy or stratification based on mitochondrial dysfunction severity. Future research priorities include multi-omics investigations into mitochondrial-epigenetic interactions, the development of targeted antioxidants, and exploration of engineered microbial metabolites. Standardizing MRS protocols, validating composite endpoints, and optimizing nutrient delivery systems require interdisciplinary collaboration. This review advocates for a precision medicine approach, combining MRS-based metabolic profiling with personalized nutritional strategies, to address the multifactorial nature of PCC and advance clinical translation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/metabolism/complications/diet therapy
*Mitochondria/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
Precision Medicine
*Nutrition Therapy/methods
Energy Metabolism
Oxidative Stress
Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives

@article {pmid40486510,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, P and Song, Y and Li, M},
title = {Biological mechanisms of pulmonary inflammation and its association with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1530753},
pmid = {40486510},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology/complications ; Extracellular Traps/immunology ; *Pneumonia/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Animals ; Lung/immunology/pathology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; },
abstract = {Although the pathogenesis of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear, studies suggest that pulmonary inflammation-related biological mechanisms play a significant role in its development. This review thoroughly explores the mechanisms underlying early pulmonary lesions in seropositive RA, focusing on the mucosal barrier hypothesis, neutrophil extracellular traps, pathogenic microbial infections like COVID-19, Vitamin D, the microbiome and gut-lung axis, inhalation exposures and chronic pulmonary diseases. This study seeks to provide novel insights and theoretical foundations for the prevention and treatment of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.},
}

Humans
*Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology/complications
Extracellular Traps/immunology
*Pneumonia/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Animals
Lung/immunology/pathology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology

@article {pmid40486342,
year = {2025},
author = {Kunder, V and Harris, J and Moody, D},
title = {Comparative Effectiveness of High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {e83752},
pmid = {40486342},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) is a leading cause of ICU admissions, and noninvasive respiratory support modalities such as high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) are frequently employed. However, the comparative effectiveness of these two interventions across different patient populations remains unclear. This scoping review aimed to synthesize current evidence comparing HFNC and NIV in the management of adult patients with AHRF, focusing on outcomes such as intubation rates, mortality, patient comfort, oxygenation, and complications. Studies were included if they: (1) were primary research articles, (2) involved human adults with AHRF, (3) directly compared HFNC with NIV, and (4) reported on clinical outcomes. Systematic reviews, case reports, editorials, and studies focused exclusively on immunocompromised or postoperative populations were excluded. A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE (via Ovid), and the Cochrane Library was conducted through February 2025. Three independent reviewers screened and selected studies using Rayyan. Data extraction was performed using a structured template capturing study design, sample size, population, intervention details, and relevant outcomes. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. HFNC and NIV demonstrated comparable effectiveness in reducing intubation rates across most patient populations. In COVID-19-associated AHRF, the two modalities yielded similar outcomes in terms of intubation and mortality. HFNC was consistently associated with greater patient comfort and fewer complications, particularly with respect to interface tolerance and skin breakdown. However, NIV remained more effective in clearing carbon dioxide, especially in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure, such as those with COPD exacerbations. ORs were infrequently reported; however, one study reported an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.58-0.98) favoring HFNC over oxygen masks for ICU mortality. HFNC may be preferable for patients who have difficulty tolerating masks or are at lower risk for hypercapnia, while NIV remains the standard of care in hypercapnic respiratory failure. Mortality outcomes were inconclusive. Future randomized controlled trials should target specific patient subgroups and examine long-term outcomes and hospital resource utilization to optimize noninvasive respiratory support strategies in AHRF.},
}

@article {pmid40485649,
year = {2025},
author = {Logothetis, G and Avramidis, K and Konstantaki, E and Matziou, V and Doupis, J},
title = {The Role of Remote Glucose Management Using Real-time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems in ICU-hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {9-13},
pmid = {40485649},
issn = {2752-5457},
abstract = {The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has induced many challenges in the clinical environment worldwide. In a bid to reduce the exposure of healthcare providers to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), while maintaining optimal patient care, in April 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a new policy, allowing the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. This article aimed to explore the role of real-time continuous glucose monitoring systems in patients in the ICU with COVID-19. The hybrid protocols integrating real-time CGM and point of care seem to be a feasible and safe alternative for the glycaemic management of critically ill patients with COVID-1 9, including the reduction of healthcare providers' exposure and the preservation of PPE, whilst achieving and maintaining optimal glycaemic control.},
}

@article {pmid40484894,
year = {2025},
author = {Zahner, SJ and Gillespie, K and Merss, K and Bizot, P},
title = {Characteristics of Governmental Public Health Nurses With Recommendations for Public Health Nurse Workforce Planning.},
journal = {Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/phn.13576},
pmid = {40484894},
issn = {1525-1446},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Characteristics and perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of governmental public health nurses were compared to all registered nurses.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive design using data from the 2022 Wisconsin RN Workforce Survey.

SAMPLE: The sample included 87,100 registered nurses, including 1350 governmental public health nurses.

MEASUREMENTS: The online survey was administered during February 2022. Responses to "Working as a nurse" and "Primary place of work" were used to classify governmental public health nurses. Data elements included demographics, employment, income, education, specialized knowledge, certifications, and COVID-19 pandemic measures.

RESULTS: Compared to all registered nurses, governmental public health nurses reported older age, greater race/ethnic diversity, and higher frequency of the baccalaureate as the highest degree. Most governmental public health nurses reported no plans for additional education. Income for governmental public health nurses lagged income for all registered nurses. The proportion of governmental public health nurses intending to remain in their present type of work for fewer than 10 years was higher than for all registered nurses, as was the proportion of governmental public health nurses who rated their overall health as "worse or much worse" than before the pandemic.

CONCLUSION: This analysis raises concerns about the size and preparation of the governmental public health nurse workforce given ongoing population health disparities and future health threats.},
}

@article {pmid40484185,
year = {2025},
author = {Hirota, Y and Okamoto, M and Baba, M and Suhara, Y},
title = {Potential of fat-soluble vitamins as a platform for antiviral drug development.},
journal = {Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters},
volume = {127},
number = {},
pages = {130292},
doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2025.130292},
pmid = {40484185},
issn = {1464-3405},
abstract = {Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, making them promising candidates for antiviral drug development. This review highlights their structural features, biological roles, and antiviral potential. Vitamin A derivatives modulate immunity and inhibit viral replication, including SARS-CoV-2. Vitamin D analogs enhance immune responses and target viral enzymes, while vitamin E derivatives reduce oxidative stress and may directly inhibit viral replication. Emerging research on vitamin K derivatives suggests potential antiviral applications. These findings underscore the potential of fat-soluble vitamins as innovative antiviral agents, warranting further investigation to optimize efficacy and clinical use.},
}

@article {pmid40483752,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, L and Zou, X and Chen, H},
title = {Workload in ICU nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Nursing Activities Score.},
journal = {Intensive & critical care nursing},
volume = {91},
number = {},
pages = {104086},
doi = {10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104086},
pmid = {40483752},
issn = {1532-4036},
abstract = {AIM: Intensive care units (ICUs) are high-demand environments where nurse workload management is critical for ensuring quality patient care and nurse well-being. The Nursing Activities Score (NAS) is widely used to quantify nursing workload, yet individual studies report heterogeneous findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize global data on ICU nursing workload using the NAS.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in multiple databases without language restrictions, identifying studies reporting mean NAS scores. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed to pool NAS values. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity.

RESULTS: A total of 70 observational studies, encompassing data from 56,042 ICU patients, were included. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled mean NAS of 66.2% (95% CI: 62.6-69.8%), indicating that, on average, ICU nurses spend nearly two-thirds of their shift on direct patient care for a single patient. Higher NAS values were observed during patient admission and the morning shift, with a significant increase during the COVID-19 period compared to pre-pandemic levels.

CONCLUSION: Our analysis revealed that ICU nurses spend a substantial part of their shift on direct patient care, especially during high-demand periods. These findings challenge traditional nurse-to-patient ratios, suggesting the need for flexible staffing models.

The current nursing staff level within ICU settings may not be adequate for the average nursing workload in some countries. Consideration should be given to dynamic staffing models that can consider increased nursing workload.},
}

@article {pmid40483115,
year = {2025},
author = {Jafari, B and Amiri, MR and Labecka, MK and Rajabi, R},
title = {The effect of home-based and remote exercises on low back pain during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systemic review.},
journal = {Journal of bodywork and movement therapies},
volume = {43},
number = {},
pages = {143-151},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.04.004},
pmid = {40483115},
issn = {1532-9283},
mesh = {Humans ; *Low Back Pain/rehabilitation/therapy ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Exercise Therapy/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The prevalence of low back pain (LBP) surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, posing challenges to face-to-face treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The systematic review aims to determine the effectiveness of various digital solutions for controlling and treatment of LBP during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: The systematic review was performed from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2023 across databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed, according to the eligibility criteria. This review fulfilled the following criteria according to the PICO system: population (individuals using virtual exercises at home for LBP), interventions (distance rehabilitation and digital application), comparison (intervention group performing exercises virtually at home, and control group receiving in-person services), outcome (methods used in the diagnosis of LBP). Only randomized controlled trials with a PEDro score of 4 or above were included, indicating studies with moderate to good methodological quality. All the studies were assessed to be of high quality.

RESULTS: After the final review, 15 articles with 3789 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Digital tools such as video calls, Artificial Intelligence programs, Virtual Reality Exercises, and video-based programs were commonly used in studies addressing LBP management. The included article's scores ranged from 6.2 on the PEDro scale, which has a maximum of 10 points.

CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted heightened attention to digital treatments, yielding relatively acceptable results for patients and therapists. However, recent technological advances indicate future expansion in this field. Key aspects of this method include training individuals in self-management of LBP and promoting adherence. Nonetheless, the high diversity in the use of digital methods poses limitations on conclusive outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Low Back Pain/rehabilitation/therapy
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Exercise Therapy/methods
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine
Pandemics

@article {pmid40482741,
year = {2025},
author = {Kang, H and Sun, Y and Fang, Z and Ding, W and Bai, T and Yang, K and Jiang, D},
title = {[Illuminating the shadows - perspectives on mRNA vaccine adverse events - mechanisms, risks and management]: A review.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {145010},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145010},
pmid = {40482741},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Apparently, mRNA vaccines have played a pivotal role in curbing the further spread of COVID-19. However, their deployment has been accompanied by reports of adverse events (AEs), including cardiovascular and neurological symptoms. The comprehensive review proposes a conceptual framework to better characterize AEs, elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and outline therapeutic strategies. It also profiles AEs into a three-axe mechanism classification: host susceptibility, delivery system interactions, and mRNA component immunogenicity, thereby advancing current understanding of their etiology. Finally, the analysis integrates these axes with critical perspectives - mRNA molecular design, platform-specific toxicity, and human nature - to provide a comprehensive roadmap for addressing above issues.},
}

@article {pmid40482457,
year = {2025},
author = {Tscherne, A and Krammer, F},
title = {A review of currently licensed mucosal COVID-19 vaccines.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {61},
number = {},
pages = {127356},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127356},
pmid = {40482457},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {The rapid development and deployment of injectable coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines - in combination with non-pharmaceutical interventions and development of treatment options - significantly contributed to a decrease in both infection and mortality rates during the pandemic and saved millions of lives. However, injectable vaccines do not robustly and consistently induce a mucosal immune response, which is considered a key factor to prevent infection with and transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, a tremendous effort is being made globally to develop next generation COVID-19 vaccines, which are capable of inducing a robust mucosal immune response in addition to a strong systemic cellular and humoral immune response. Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines have been evaluated successfully in preclinical and clinical trials, in which protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection has been demonstrated. This protective efficacy was associated with the upregulation of secretory IgA antibodies and the maturation of tissue-resident memory cells in the respiratory tract, which, together with an induced systemic immune response, significantly reduced viral replication and transmission in animal models. However, only five active mucosal vaccines (plus one 'passive' vaccine) have received approval for human use and robust data on their efficacy in inducing mucosal immune responses in humans and in blocking infection and transmission are missing. This highlights the importance of expanded research in this field. In this review, we aim to summarize what is known about these currently licensed vaccines, with an emphasis on the key findings obtained in both preclinical and clinical studies.},
}

@article {pmid40481619,
year = {2025},
author = {Linton, J and Carmichael, J and Newlands, F and Puri, A and Fox-Smith, L and Pinto Pereira, SM and Coughtrey, A and Shafran, R and Stephenson, T},
title = {Pre-Pandemic Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition Symptoms in Adolescents.},
journal = {Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/apa.70123},
pmid = {40481619},
issn = {1651-2227},
support = {COV-LT-0022//UK Research and Innovation/ ; 183885//Beryl Alexander Charity PhD Studentship/ ; MR/Y009398/1//UK Medical Research Council Senior Non-clinical Fellowship/ ; //NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre/ ; },
abstract = {AIM: The emergence of post COVID-19 condition (PCC) within adolescents has been characterised by a wide range of symptoms, raising concerns for young people's health and quality of life. However, many symptoms are non-specific and there is considerable variation in symptom reporting. It is essential to understand how rates of these symptoms compare to the pre-pandemic health of adolescents.

METHODS: A systematic search of academic literature and websites, using traditional and automated search systems, was undertaken to identify symptoms described in adolescents aged 10-19 years in the 30 years up to and including 2019. Studies were reviewed and symptom prevalence data extracted.

RESULTS: Twenty-five sources (n = 483 097 participants) met the inclusion criteria, including longitudinal and cross-sectional study designs. The description and prevalence of symptoms varied widely, but there was a high pre-pandemic median prevalence of cough (13.6%), headache (30.0%), and fatigue (20.5%). These high prevalences highlight a gap in understanding of pre-pandemic adolescent health and the need for comprehensive, serial symptom profiling.

CONCLUSION: These findings provide a baseline of adolescent symptomatology prior to the emergence of PCC and provide important context for interpreting ongoing COVID symptoms. Data on PCC in adolescents should consider pre-pandemic symptom prevalence.},
}

@article {pmid40481519,
year = {2025},
author = {Jánosi, Á and Bódy, B and Nagy, R and Ocskay, K and Kói, T and Müller, K and Túri, I and Garami, M and Hegyi, P and Párniczky, A},
title = {Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors decrease mortality in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Critical care (London, England)},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {232},
pmid = {40481519},
issn = {1466-609X},
support = {FK 138929//National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (NRDI Fund)/ ; NU-000600//CF Trust Strategic Research Consortium Grant/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/mortality ; *Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite widespread vaccination efforts, effective treatment strategies remain critical for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a central role in the cytokine storm characteristic of severe COVID-19. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness, efficacy, and safety of TNF-α inhibitors in the management of COVID-19.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL was conducted, focusing on studies involving SARS-CoV-2-infected patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors compared with those receiving standard of care without prior TNF-α inhibitor use. Data from studies published up to August 12, 2024, were analysed. Outcomes assessed included mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MD) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and subgroup analyses were performed for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies.

RESULTS: Seven studies involving 1393 patients with moderate-to-critical COVID-19 were included. TNF-α inhibitor treatment was associated with a reduced odds of mortality (OR 0.67, 95% CI [0.44-1.00], P = 0.052), which was statistically significant in the RCT subgroup across three studies (OR 0.75, 95% CI [0.58-0.97], P = 0.042, certainty of evidence: very low). The number needed to treat for mortality was calculated to be 16 (95% CI 9.0-inf.), which indicates that one additional death could be avoided for every 16 patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors compared to standard of care. No significant reduction in the need for invasive mechanical ventilation was observed (OR 0.95 [95% CI 0.46-1.94]; P = 0.822). Additionally, TNF-α inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction in CRP levels (MD - 21.9 mg/L [95% CI - 38.46 to - 5.34]; P = 0.024) within three to seven days post-treatment.

CONCLUSION: Our study indicates a potential role for TNF-α inhibition in the treatment of COVID-19 as their use was associated with reduced mortality, but further studies are needed to provide robust evidence.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/mortality
*Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40101971,
year = {2025},
author = {Fernández, S and Moreno-Castaño, AB and Marco, DN and Ventosa-Capell, H and Diaz-Ricart, M and Castro, P},
title = {DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOTHELIOPATHY: A SHARED HALLMARK ACROSS CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT POPULATIONS.},
journal = {Shock (Augusta, Ga.)},
volume = {64},
number = {1},
pages = {3-11},
doi = {10.1097/SHK.0000000000002571},
pmid = {40101971},
issn = {1540-0514},
mesh = {Humans ; *Critical Illness ; *COVID-19/pathology ; *Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/physiopathology ; Biomarkers ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Endothelial Cells/pathology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Endotheliopathy has been increasingly recognized as a key feature of critical illness. Different diseases and syndromes manifest endothelial dysfunction in their severe forms. Septic syndrome, SARS-CoV-2 disease spectrum, and cell therapy-associated toxicities represent paradigmatic examples of endotheliopathy, in intensive care units. As common features, and in response to the environment associated with these conditions, endothelial cells develop a proinflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype, switching its secretion behavior of anticoagulant and profibrinolytic factors toward a hypercoagulative and hypofibrinolytic state. Intravascular microthrombi, release of neutrophil extracellular traps, detached endothelial cells, and exposure of a highly reactive extracellular matrix toward platelets result in turbulent blood flow and agglutination of circulating cells, ultimately leading to tissue hypoperfusion. Levels of endothelial damage biomarkers correlate with disease severity and, therefore, implementation of biomarkers panels could enhance prediction, differential diagnosis, and severity stratification in critical illness conditions. Development of strategies to protect the endothelium could mitigate proinflammatory and procoagulant responses, offering therapeutic potential for the endotheliopathy-associated conditions of critically ill patients.},
}

Humans
*Critical Illness
*COVID-19/pathology
*Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/physiopathology
Biomarkers
SARS-CoV-2
Endothelial Cells/pathology/metabolism

@article {pmid38018192,
year = {2025},
author = {Liang, G and Li, Y and Li, R and Ma, Y and Na, H},
title = {Structure and Function of the SARS-CoV-2 6-HB Fusion Core and Peptide-based Fusion Inhibitors: A Review.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {32},
number = {13},
pages = {2524-2546},
pmid = {38018192},
issn = {1875-533X},
support = {2023LHMS08045//Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202008210289//China Scholarship Council (CSC)/ ; 82060624//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/metabolism/chemistry ; *Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; COVID-19/virology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 has swept the world in recent years, triggering a global COVID-19 with a tremendous impact on human health and public safety. Similar to other coronaviruses, the six-helix bundle(6-HB) is not only a core structure driving the fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope with the host cell membrane, but also the target of fusion inhibitors. The sequences from the HR1 or HR2 regions composing 6-HB are thus the original primary structures for the development of peptide-based fusion inhibitors. This review summarized the structure-activity relationship of the SARS-CoV-2 6- HB, analyzed the design methods and functional characteristics of peptide-based fusion inhibitors that contain different regions of HRs, and provided an outlook on the cutting- edge approaches for optimal modification of lead compounds (pan-coronavirization, chemical modification, superhelical construction, etc). We hope that this review will provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the state-of-art research progress on both 6-HB and peptide-based fusion inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, and provide some new insights for the development of antiviral drugs.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/metabolism/chemistry
*Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology
Structure-Activity Relationship
*Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology
COVID-19/virology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology
Virus Internalization/drug effects

@article {pmid40481170,
year = {2025},
author = {Zanetta, C and Gasperini, C and Amato, MP and Centonze, D and Gallo, P and Patti, F and Riva, A and Filippi, M},
title = {Potential use of the SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody sipavibart in people with multiple sclerosis: definition of different patient archetypes from an Italian expert group perspective.},
journal = {Journal of neurology},
volume = {272},
number = {7},
pages = {446},
pmid = {40481170},
issn = {1432-1459},
mesh = {Humans ; *Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/immunology/complications/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; Italy ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Female ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunocompromised Host ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Immunocompromised people, including people with MS (PwMS) remain at increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, highlighting how this population needs additional preventive measures beyond current vaccination. Seven neurologists with experience in the MS field and one infectivologist discussed the use of COVID-19 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in PwMS, identifying patients' archetypes for PrEP with the monoclonal antibody sipavibart.

METHODS: The following topics were discussed: description of the current SARS-CoV-2 infection scenario; identification of the characteristics of the fragile patient; identification of the ideal candidate for PrEP with sipavibart. The recommendations were then produced accordingly.

RESULTS: Vaccination remains a crucial preventive measure for COVID-19. Age, male sex, and comorbidities are associated with severe outcomes among patients with MS. MS-specific risk factors include higher disability, a progressive disease course, a recent administration of steroids and the treatment with anti-CD20 agents, S1P receptor modulators, cladribine, and anti-CD52 antibodies. Pediatric patients and subjects with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder should also be considered fragile subjects. Subjects who could benefit from PrEP include: PwMS who present risk factors similar to the general population or who present disease-specific risk factors, non-vaccinated PwMS, and PwMS under S1P receptor modulators, anti-CD20 agents, alemtuzumab or cladribine and who present at least one risk factor similar to the general population or one disease-specific risk factor.

DISCUSSION: Subjects with general or disease specific risk factors for severe infections, patients treated with S1P receptor modulators, anti-CD20 agents, alemtuzumab or cladribine, pediatric patients, and pregnant women with MS could represent the ideal candidates for PrEP with sipavibart.},
}

Humans
*Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/immunology/complications/epidemiology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
Italy
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
*Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
*Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Female
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Immunocompromised Host

@article {pmid40480666,
year = {2025},
author = {Imerlishvili, E and Gustafson, DR and Pashalishvili, M and Ompad, DC and Djibuti, M},
title = {Studies on cognitive performance among older people living with HIV in eastern Europe and central Asia: a scoping review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {e094427},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094427},
pmid = {40480666},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *HIV Infections/psychology/complications/epidemiology ; Europe, Eastern/epidemiology ; Asia, Central/epidemiology ; Aged ; *Cognition ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the growth of the population of older people living with HIV (PLWH), data on cognitive disorders among older PLWH, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are scarce. These data are especially underrepresented in the literature from eastern Europe and central Asia (EECA).

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to describe the peer-reviewed literature on cognitive health among PLWH in the EECA region.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We selected articles from peer-reviewed journals that reported on cognitive assessments or the prevalence and characteristics of cognitive disorders among adult (≥18 years) PLWH in EECA countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). Studies assessing cognition among PLWH related to traumatic brain injury, brain tumours, COVID-19, meningitis, neurosyphilis and/or other central nervous system infections were excluded.

SOURCE OF EVIDENCE: We searched for relevant data published up to March 2025 using four online databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO).

CHARTING METHODS: Covidence, a web-based collaborative software platform, was used for data screening and extraction. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full texts, resolving disagreements through consensus. The data were extracted based on the predefined data extraction criteria.

RESULTS: A total of 1388 peer-reviewed articles were identified; 295 articles were removed due to duplication; and 1053 and 25 articles were excluded based on the abstract/title and full-text screenings, respectively. Finally, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. All 15 studies used different neuropsychological assessments to measure cognitive performance by domain and/or cognitive disorders among various subgroups of PLWH. One cross-sectional study focused on older populations (≥40 years old), using standardised cognitive performance assessment tests. However, it neither provided information about the prevalence estimate of cognitive disorders nor identified risk factors.

CONCLUSION: Existing literature on cognitive disorders among older PLWH in the EECA region is limited and insufficient to estimate prevalence, or identify risk factors, and ultimately develop appropriate policy addressing the needs of older PLWH in this region. This scoping review underscores the urgent need for large-scale, longitudinal studies employing standardised, culturally adapted neuropsychological batteries and adherence to rigorous reporting standards.},
}

Humans
*HIV Infections/psychology/complications/epidemiology
Europe, Eastern/epidemiology
Asia, Central/epidemiology
Aged
*Cognition
*Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology
Prevalence

@article {pmid40480638,
year = {2025},
author = {Paiva, U and Cortese, S and Flor, M and Moncada-Parra, A and Lecumberri, A and Eudave, L and Magallón, S and García-González, S and Sobrino-Morras, Á and Piqué, I and Mestre-Bach, G and Solmi, M and Arrondo, G},
title = {Prevalence of mental disorder symptoms among university students: An umbrella review.},
journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
volume = {175},
number = {},
pages = {106244},
doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106244},
pmid = {40480638},
issn = {1873-7528},
abstract = {This umbrella review synthesizes data on the prevalence of mental disorder symptoms among university students worldwide. A systematic search of seven databases (inception-July 23, 2023) followed PRISMA guidelines. We included meta-analyses assessing the prevalence of mental disorder symptoms, evaluating methodological quality with AMSTAR-2. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, along with meta-regression and subgroup analyses for moderators (percentage of females, publication date, healthcare-related degrees, COVID-19 pandemic). We included 1,655 primary studies from 62 meta-analyses, encompassing 8,706,185 participants. AMSTAR-2 ratings classified 35 % of meta-analyses as low quality and 65 % as critically low. Pooled prevalence estimates were: depression-mild (35.41 %, CI=33.9-36.93) and severe (13.42 %, CI=8.03-19.92; k=952; n=2,108,813); anxiety-mild (40.21 %, CI=37.39-43.07) and severe (16.79 %, CI=7.21-29.29; k=433; n=1,579,780); sleep disorders (41.09 %, CI=35.7-46.58); eating disorders (17.94 %, CI=15.79-20.20); gambling disorder (6.59 %, CI=5.52-7.75); post-traumatic stress disorder (25.13 %, CI=20.55-30.02); stress (36.34 %, CI=29.36-43.62); and suicide-related outcomes (ideation past 12 months: 10.76 %, CI=9.53-12.06; lifetime ideation: 20.33 %, CI=16.15-24.86; suicide attempt past 12 months: 1.37 %, CI=0.67-2.29; lifetime attempt: 3.44 %, CI=2.48-4.54). Meta-regression analyses identified statistically significant moderators of prevalence such as healthcare academic degrees and the pandemic in the case of depression and studies with more females in the case of sleep disorders. This is the most comprehensive synthesis on the prevalence of mental disorder symptoms in university students, providing crucial insights for clinicians, policymakers, and stakeholders.},
}

@article {pmid40480210,
year = {2025},
author = {Viswanathan, S and Galipeau, J},
title = {Hallmarks of MSCs: Key quality attributes for pharmacology and clinical use.},
journal = {Cell stem cell},
volume = {32},
number = {6},
pages = {878-894},
doi = {10.1016/j.stem.2025.05.008},
pmid = {40480210},
issn = {1875-9777},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; *COVID-19/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy ; },
abstract = {Marketing approval for allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by international regulatory jurisdictions including the US have been granted. Notwithstanding, the long-heralded clinical and commercial breakthrough for MSC products has never fully manifested. The withdrawal of an allogenic MSC product in Europe, based on inefficacious phase 3 results along with setbacks in industry-sponsored, advanced clinical trials of MSCs for COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have dampened enthusiasm for MSC products. In this perspective, we highlight the hallmarks of MSC identity and potency, and how these can inform surrogate, sensitive critical quality attributes that correlate with clinical effectiveness in a variety of indications. We further highlight host-dependent pharmacological attributes of MSCs, which together with their critical quality attributes drive the observed clinical responses and thus impact the translational utility of MSCs. We provide a rational pathway to additional MSC regulatory approval and deployment for disorders with unmet medical needs.},
}

Humans
*Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
*Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
*COVID-19/therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy

@article {pmid40479726,
year = {2025},
author = {Costa, MP and Abdu, JOC and de Moura, MFCS and Silva, AC and Zacaron, TM and de Paiva, MRB and Fabri, RL and Pittella, F and Perrone, ÍT and Tavares, GD},
title = {Exploring the Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles for Enhancing Pulmonary Drug Delivery.},
journal = {Molecular pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00118},
pmid = {40479726},
issn = {1543-8392},
abstract = {Lung diseases remain a leading cause of mortality globally, posing a substantial challenge to public health. Conditions such as asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are highly prevalent and of increasing concern due to their rising incidence in recent years. The recent global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has further highlighted the urgent need for more effective therapeutic approaches to combat pulmonary diseases. In this context, growing interest in nanotechnology for pulmonary drug delivery has emerged, driven by its potential to enable localized treatment, reduce dosages, provide controlled release, enhance drug solubility, and improve bioavailability. Among the various nanomaterials explored, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)─a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acids─has gained regulatory approval as a safe, biodegradable, and biocompatible carrier, with an extended-release profile, making it an ideal candidate for the development of nanostructured drug delivery systems. Multiple methodologies are available for synthesizing PLGA nanoparticles tailored to pulmonary administration, supported by a wide array of devices designed to cater to individual patient needs. This review seeks to evaluate the advantages of PLGA-based nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery, with a focus on their potential to enhance inhalation therapy formulations.},
}

@article {pmid40479330,
year = {2022},
author = {Tuta Quintero, E and Mosquera Pongutá, AC and Barroso da Silva, EA and Olivella, J and Silvera, AA and Aragón, C and Vásquez, L and Collazos, E and Olivares Vigles, K and Martínez, K and León Machicado, M and Díaz Pérez, YN and Pimentel, J},
title = {[SARS-CoV-2 and post-COVID-19 syndrome in paediatric rheumatology: A scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40479330},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of musculoskeletal clinical manifestations, the onset of diseases and rheumatological manifestations have been seen in the paediatric population surviving COVID-19, however, the medical literature on the subject is limited.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the available evidence on musculoskeletal symptoms and autoimmune diseases in the paediatric population with post-COVID syndrome.

METHODOLOGY: Scoping systematic review in PubMed and Scopus through search strategies. Observational and experimental studies are included in populations under 21 years of age with and without autoimmune diseases, without time limit in English and Spanish.

RESULTS: The 28 documents included: case reports (n = 6), cross-sectional studies (n = 5), prospective cohort studies (n = 5), retrospective cohort (n = 6), case series (n = 6), ambidirectional section (n = 1), randomized controlled trial (n = 1), and longitudinal section study (n = 1). The total study population was 56,738 patients. The most frequent symptoms presented in long COVID-19 are myalgias and arthralgias. The evidence showing a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of musculoskeletal symptoms and autoimmune diseases in the convalescent period is limited.

CONCLUSIONS: Myalgias and arthralgias are the most frequent symptoms in long COVID. patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a history of rheumatic disease who are undergoing immunomodulatory treatment do not have a dangerous risk of developing severe presentations and/or complications of the disease.},
}

@article {pmid40479337,
year = {2022},
author = {Hastall, MR and Scherenberg, V},
title = {[Resistance against preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: causes and strategies for minimization].},
journal = {Pravention und Gesundheitsforderung},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
pmid = {40479337},
issn = {1861-6763},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, resistance against demonstrably effective preventive measures were frequently observed. Such "reactance," characterized by anger and negative cognitions, is experienced (according to psychological reactance theory) when a threat to subjectively important freedoms or attempts to change attitudes or behaviors is perceived.

OBJECTIVES: This paper discusses the role of defensive processes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of an evidence-based and defense-sensitive risk and crisis communication. Triggers and influencing factors of defensive processes are discussed, as well as techniques for minimizing these unwanted reactions.

RESULTS: Defensive reactions should always be anticipated, at least to some extent, but can be reduced through a defense-sensitive communication design. This includes a professional presentation, a respectful and stigma-sensitive approach, positive and efficacy-bolstering information, and by avoiding emotionally overwhelming information such as strong negative emotional appeals or strong loss framings.

CONCLUSION: Communicators should be aware that defensive reactions can be triggered as well as minimized through certain features of risk communication. A consistent, clear, and tailored communication approach is needed to reduce uncertainties, defensiveness, and irritation.},
}

@article {pmid40478540,
year = {2025},
author = {McGraw, M and Morin, A and Tremblay Vaillancourt, V and Poitras, ME and Couturier, Y and Gaboury, I and Poirier, MD},
title = {Chronic Disease Patients' Engagement in Interprofessional Telehealth Collaboration in Primary Care: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of primary care & community health},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {21501319251333858},
pmid = {40478540},
issn = {2150-1327},
mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine/organization & administration ; *Primary Health Care/organization & administration ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; *Interprofessional Relations ; *Patient Participation ; *Cooperative Behavior ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {With the rise of people being affected with chronic illness, now the leading cause of mortality worldwide, primary care is overwhelmed with the demand for healthcare services. Primary healthcare is the first resource for patients living with chronic illness, but in 2019, COVID-19 brought healthcare professionals to increase services through virtual care for patients living with chronic illness. In the workplace, such professionals often need to be sufficiently resourced to collaborate, to address collaborative care barriers in telehealth and to keep patients engaged in their health. We performed a scoping review to identify how patients living with chronic diseases actively engage and describe their involvement in the process of interprofessional collaboration within the context of telehealth in primary care settings. We followed Arksey and O'Malley's and the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodological guidelines to conduct this scoping review. The analysis of the retained twelve studies showed little distinction between the experience of interprofessional collaboration from the patient's perspective in a telehealth context compared to a face-to-face context. However, we were able to identify gaps (eg, limited insight onto engagement dynamic, lack of patient-centric research, and insufficient research on patient engagement) relating to the experiences of patients, patient engagement, and professionals who have used telehealth. In an era of digital innovations, this lack of literature regarding the patient experience may jeopardize the quality of the interprofessional collaboration services offered to patients and patient engagement. This gap in patient engagement integrated into interprofessional collaboration in a telehealth context needs to be addressed.},
}

Humans
*Telemedicine/organization & administration
*Primary Health Care/organization & administration
Chronic Disease/therapy
*Interprofessional Relations
*Patient Participation
*Cooperative Behavior
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40479182,
year = {2023},
author = {Tuta-Quintero, E and Santacruz, JC and Camacho, J and Olivella, J and Collazos, E and Gómez, JC and Ochoa, DA and Salazar Villa, J and Rodríguez, JE and Pérez, DF and Gutiérrez, J and Sanabria-Sarmiento, R and Herrera, CE},
title = {[Clinical relationship between reactive arthritis and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40479182},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a monoarthritis or oligoarthritis that mainly affects the extremities, it can be related to bacterial or viral infections. Currently, COVID-19 has been linked to the development of arthropathies due to its inflammatory component.

OBJECTIVES: A scoping review of the literature that describes the clinical characteristics of ReA in survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review based on the guidelines for reporting systematic reviews adapted for Prisma-P exploratory reviews and steps proposed by Arksey and adjusted by Levan. Experimental and observational studies published in PubMed and Scopus, English and Spanish, which answered the research questions posed, were included.

RESULTS: Twenty-five documents were included describing the main clinical manifestations of ReA in 27 patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The time from the onset of symptoms or microbiological diagnosis of COVID-19 to the development of articular and/or extra-articular manifestations compatible with ReA ranged from 7 days to 120 days. The clinical joint manifestations described were arthralgia and oedema, predominantly in knee, ankle, elbow, interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints.

CONCLUSIONS: Arthralgias in the extremities are the main symptom of ReA in patients with a history of COVID-19, whose symptoms can present in a period of days to weeks from the onset of clinical symptoms or microbiological diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

@article {pmid40478135,
year = {2023},
author = {Rayegan, S and Shu, C and Berquist, J and Jeon, J and Zhou, LG and Wang, LL and Mbareche, H and Tardif, P and Ge, H},
title = {A review on indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19- modelling and mitigation approaches.},
journal = {Journal of building engineering},
volume = {64},
number = {},
pages = {105599},
pmid = {40478135},
issn = {2352-7102},
abstract = {In the past few years, significant efforts have been made to investigate the transmission of COVID-19. This paper provides a review of the COVID-19 airborne transmission modeling and mitigation strategies. The simulation models here are classified into airborne transmission infectious risk models and numerical approaches for spatiotemporal airborne transmissions. Mathematical descriptions and assumptions on which these models have been based are discussed. Input data used in previous simulation studies to assess the dispersion of COVID-19 are extracted and reported. Moreover, measurements performed to study the COVID-19 airborne transmission within indoor environments are introduced to support validations for anticipated future modeling studies. Transmission mitigation strategies recommended in recent studies have been classified to include modifying occupancy and ventilation operations, using filters and air purifiers, installing ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection systems, and personal protection compliance, such as wearing masks and social distancing. The application of mitigation strategies to various building types, such as educational, office, public, residential, and hospital, is reviewed. Recommendations for future works are also discussed based on the current apparent knowledge gaps covering both modeling and mitigation approaches. Our findings show that different transmission mitigation measures were recommended for various indoor environments; however, there is no conclusive work reporting their combined effects on the level of mitigation that may be achieved. Moreover, further studies should be conducted to understand better the balance between approaches to mitigating the viral transmissions in buildings and building energy consumption.},
}

@article {pmid40478142,
year = {2023},
author = {Gattinoni, L and Brusatori, S and D'Albo, R and Maj, R and Velati, M and Zinnato, C and Gattarello, S and Lombardo, F and Fratti, I and Romitti, F and Saager, L and Camporota, L and Busana, M},
title = {Prone position: how understanding and clinical application of a technique progress with time.},
journal = {Anesthesiology and perioperative science},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {3},
pmid = {40478142},
issn = {2731-8389},
abstract = {HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: The prone position was first proposed on theoretical background in 1974 (more advantageous distribution of mechanical ventilation). The first clinical report on 5 ARDS patients in 1976 showed remarkable improvement of oxygenation after pronation.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The findings in CT scans enhanced the use of prone position in ARDS patients. The main mechanism of the improved gas exchange seen in the prone position is nowadays attributed to a dorsal ventilatory recruitment, with a substantially unchanged distribution of perfusion. Regardless of the gas exchange, the primary effect of the prone position is a more homogenous distribution of ventilation, stress and strain, with similar size of pulmonary units in dorsal and ventral regions. In contrast, in the supine position the ventral regions are more expanded compared with the dorsal regions, which leads to greater ventral stress and strain, induced by mechanical ventilation.

OUTCOME IN ARDS: The number of clinical studies paralleled the evolution of the pathophysiological understanding. The first two clinical trials in 2001 and 2004 were based on the hypothesis that better oxygenation would lead to a better survival and the studies were more focused on gas exchange than on lung mechanics. The equations better oxygenation = better survival was disproved by these and other larger trials (ARMA trial). However, the first studies provided signals that some survival advantages were possible in a more severe ARDS, where both oxygenation and lung mechanics were impaired. The PROSEVA trial finally showed the benefits of prone position on mortality supporting the thesis that the clinical advantages of prone position, instead of improved gas exchange, were mainly due to a less harmful mechanical ventilation and better distribution of stress and strain. In less severe ARDS, in spite of a better gas exchange, reduced mechanical stress and strain, and improved oxygenation, prone position was ineffective on outcome.

PRONE POSITION AND COVID-19: The mechanisms of oxygenation impairment in early COVID-19 are different than in typical ARDS and relate more on perfusion alteration than on alveolar consolidation/collapse, which are minimal in the early phase. Bronchial shunt may also contribute to the early COVID-19 hypoxemia. Therefore, in this phase, the oxygenation improvement in prone position is due to a better matching of local ventilation and perfusion, primarily caused by the perfusion component. Unfortunately, the conditions for improved outcomes, i.e. a better distribution of stress and strain, are almost absent in this phase of COVID-19 disease, as the lung parenchyma is nearly fully inflated. Due to some contradictory results, further studies are needed to better investigate the effect of prone position on outcome in COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid40477939,
year = {2023},
author = {Bohl, C and Karnaki, P and Cheli, S and Fornes Romero, G and Glavak Tkalić, R and Papadopoulos, E and Schaefer, M and Berth, H},
title = {[Psychological stress of children and adolescents during the corona pandemic].},
journal = {Pravention und Gesundheitsforderung},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {182-188},
pmid = {40477939},
issn = {1861-6763},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: International studies show that measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to increased mental health problems in children and adolescents. Overall, there are many study activities on this topic, but only a few representative studies for Germany.

OBJECTIVES: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents in Germany will be investigated, as well as the risk and protective factors for mental well-being during the pandemic. Subsequently, an EU-wide project will be outlined, which aims to promote the mental health of students through a training program for teachers and other educators.

METHODS: Using literature databases PubMed and Medline, an unsystematic literature search was carried out in the sense of a narrative review. The studies included in this work were selected based on their thematically appropriate abstract.

RESULTS: The number of children showing mental or behavioral problems increased rapidly. Above all, social isolation, fears and insecurity, as well as conflicts within the family due to excessive demands or financial worries, lead to a deterioration in the psychological situation of children and young people. The consequences are depressive moods, behavioral problems and psychosomatic complaints.

CONCLUSION: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents should not be underestimated. There will also be a special need for support in the coming years.},
}

@article {pmid40477876,
year = {2023},
author = {Chaudhary, KR and Kujur, S and Singh, K},
title = {Recent advances of nanotechnology in COVID 19: A critical review and future perspective.},
journal = {OpenNano},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100118},
pmid = {40477876},
issn = {2352-9520},
abstract = {The global anxiety and economic crisis causes the deadly pandemic coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID 19) affect millions of people right now. Subsequently, this life threatened viral disease is caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, morbidity and mortality of infected patients are due to cytokines storm syndrome associated with lung injury and multiorgan failure caused by COVID 19. Thereafter, several methodological advances have been approved by WHO and US-FDA for the detection, diagnosis and control of this wide spreadable communicable disease but still facing multi-challenges to control. Herein, we majorly emphasize the current trends and future perspectives of nano-medicinal based approaches for the delivery of anti-COVID 19 therapeutic moieties. Interestingly, Nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with drug molecules or vaccines resemble morphological features of SARS-CoV-2 in their size (60-140 nm) and shape (circular or spherical) that particularly mimics the virus facilitating strong interaction between them. Indeed, the delivery of anti-COVID 19 cargos via a nanoparticle such as Lipidic nanoparticles, Polymeric nanoparticles, Metallic nanoparticles, and Multi-functionalized nanoparticles to overcome the drawbacks of conventional approaches, specifying the site-specific targeting with reduced drug loading and toxicities, exhibit their immense potential. Additionally, nano-technological based drug delivery with their peculiar characteristics of having low immunogenicity, tunable drug release, multidrug delivery, higher selectivity and specificity, higher efficacy and tolerability switch on the novel pathway for the prevention and treatment of COVID 19.},
}

@article {pmid40477696,
year = {2022},
author = {Bhattacharjee, R and Dubey, AK and Ganguly, A and Bhattacharya, B and Mishra, YK and Mostafavi, E and Kaushik, A},
title = {State-of-art high-performance Nano-systems for mutated coronavirus infection management: From Lab to Clinic.},
journal = {OpenNano},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {100078},
pmid = {40477696},
issn = {2352-9520},
support = {T32 EB009035/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants made emerging novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic/endemic/or both more severe and difficult to manage due to increased worry about the efficacy and efficiency of present preventative, therapeutic, and sensing measures. To deal with these unexpected circumstances, the development of novel nano-systems with tuneable optical, electrical, magnetic, and morphological properties can lead to novel research needed for (1) COVID-19 infection (anti-microbial systems against SARS-CoV-2), (2) early detection of mutated SARS-CoV-2, and (3) targeted delivery of therapeutics using nano-systems, i.e., nanomedicine. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding all these nano-biotechnology potentials for managing mutated SARS-CoV-2 on a single platform. To bring up the aspects of nanotechnology to tackle SARS-CoV-2 variants related COVID-19 pandemic, this article emphasizes improvements in the high-performance of nano-systems to combat SARS-CoV-2 strains/variants with a goal of managing COVID-19 infection via trapping, eradication, detection/sensing, and treatment of virus. The potential of state-of-the-art nano-assisted approaches has been demonstrated as an efficient drug delivery systems, viral disinfectants, vaccine productive cargos, anti-viral activity, and biosensors suitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Furthermore, the process linked with the efficacy of nanosystems to neutralize and eliminate SARS-CoV-2 is extensively highligthed in this report. The challenges and opportunities associated with managing COVID-19 using nanotechnology as part of regulations are also well-covered. The outcomes of this review will help researchers to design, investigate, and develop an appropriate nano system to manage COVID-19 infection, with a focus on the detection and eradication of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. This article is unique in that it discusses every aspect of high-performance nanotechnology for ideal COVID pandemic management.},
}

@article {pmid40477737,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhai, T and Wei, Y and Wang, L and Li, J and Fan, C},
title = {Advancing pathogen detection for airborne diseases.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {520-524},
pmid = {40477737},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {Airborne diseases including SARS, bird flu, and the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have stimulated the demand for developing novel bioassay methods competent for early-stage diagnosis and large-scale screening. Here, we briefly summarize the state-of-the-art methods for the detection of infectious pathogens and discuss key challenges. We highlight the trend for next-generation technologies benefiting from multidisciplinary advances in microfabrication, nanotechnology and synthetic biology, which allow sensitive, rapid yet inexpensive pathogen assays with portable intelligent device.},
}

@article {pmid40478033,
year = {2022},
author = {Barroso, E and Tuta-Quintero, E and Olivella, J and Aragón, C and Vásquez, L and Acosta, L and Pinzón, O and Pantoja, CA and Collazos, E and Ascanio, YP and Morales, VDCDR and Kuan, JC and Velásquez, LA and Díaz, YN and Pimentel, J},
title = {[Guillain Barré syndrome in the paediatric population. Consequence of active infection or long Covid?].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {335-346},
pmid = {40478033},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a polyradiculoneuropathy that has been associated with infectious diseases as triggers. There is currently little medical evidence exploring the relationship between the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and long Covid.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the medical evidence that describes the relationship between post Covid syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome in the paediatric population.

METHODOLOGY: A scoping review was developed using Scopus and PubMed databases, including analytical and/or descriptive experimental and observational studies.

RESULTS: The main clinical manifestations presented by paediatric patients were distal and ascending weakness in the lower limbs and myalgia. The diagnostic approach was based on clinical findings, imaging findings on spinal magnetic resonance and electromyography. The therapeutic strategy is based on the use of intravenous human immunoglobulins.

CONCLUSION: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a frequent disease in the paediatric population with active SARS-CoV-2 infection or in survivors, however, it is necessary to encourage further clinical studies that increase the medical literature that describes this association.},
}

@article {pmid40478016,
year = {2022},
author = {Pryor, RG and Bright, JE},
title = {Chaos, complexity and COVID-19: The Chaos Theory of Careers in 2022.},
journal = {Australian journal of career development},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {201-205},
pmid = {40478016},
issn = {2200-6974},
abstract = {In acknowledging the contribution of the Australian Journal of Career Development (AJCD's) continuing work to the career development field, this paper briefly outlines the Chaos Theory of Careers (CTC) and its empirical support. Issues relating to closed and open system validation are canvassed. Two types of COVID-19 case study are analysed: a diary study and the pandemic event itself. COVID-19 confirms the CTC's claim that we all live on the edge of chaos.},
}

@article {pmid40477972,
year = {2022},
author = {Tuta-Quintero, E and Mora-Karam, C and Pimentel, J},
title = {[Fibromyalgia in the new era of SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID-19 syndrome: A scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S7-S16},
pmid = {40477972},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic generalized pain, joint stiffness, sleep disorders, fatigue, anxiety and depressive episodes, whose clinical manifestations begin after a physical or emotional trauma. However, few publications describe the clinical impact of COVID-19 on fibromyalgia symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To map the available medical evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and PCS in patients with and without a diagnosis of fibromyalgia prior to infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploratory systematic review in PubMed and Scopus, considering articles in English and Spanish, with data on fibromyalgia in the population surviving SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical trial records of the World Health Organization databases were reviewed.

RESULTS: Twelve published articles were included: retrospective studies (n = 4), cross-sectional (n = 2), cases and controls (n = 2), qualitative studies (n = 2), a prospective cohort (n = 1) and a longitudinal section study (n = 1). The total study population of the included publications was 3,060 patients. In addition, one randomized controlled clinical trial and two observational cross-sectional and case-control studies were included. The total sum of the study population was 173 participants.

CONCLUSION: Survivors of COVID-19 with or without a previous diagnosis of fibromyalgia may present an increase in chronic pain, insomnia, joint stiffness, and deterioration in quality of life. The population with a history of fibromyalgia may be more affected by psychological stress, tissue damage to neuromuscular structures, and inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

@article {pmid40479176,
year = {2022},
author = {Naik, RB and Singh, U},
title = {A Review on Applications of Chaotic Maps in Pseudo-Random Number Generators and Encryption.},
journal = {Annals of data science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-26},
pmid = {40479176},
issn = {2198-5812},
abstract = {Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the tasks have shifted to an online platform. Sectors such as e-commerce, sensitive multi-media transfer, online banking have skyrocketed. Because of this, there is an urgent need to develop highly secure algorithms which can not be hacked into by unauthorized users. The method which is the backbone for building encryption algorithms is the pseudo-random number generator based on chaotic maps. Chaotic maps are mathematical functions that generate a highly arbitrary pattern based on the initial seed value. This manuscript gives a summary of how the chaotic maps are used to generate pseudo-random numbers and perform multimedia encryption. After carefully analyzing all the recent literature, we found that the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.00006, which was achieved by Ikeda chaotic map. The highest entropy was 7.999995 bits per byte using the quantum chaotic map. The lowest execution time observed was 0.23 seconds with the Zaslavsky chaotic map and the highest data rate was 15.367 Mbits per second using a hyperchaotic map. Chaotic map-based pseudo-random number generation can be utilized in multi-media encryption, video-game animations, digital marketing, chaotic system simulation, chaotic missile systems, and other applications.},
}

@article {pmid40477694,
year = {2023},
author = {Al-Mamun, F and Kaggwa, MM and Hosen, I and Sikder, MT and Griffiths, MD and Mamun, MA},
title = {Suicide related to the COVID-19 pandemic in India: A systematic review.},
journal = {Discover psychology},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {2},
pmid = {40477694},
issn = {2731-4537},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The suicide rate has increased during the pandemic in India. Moreover, several studies, especially press-media reporting suicide studies have been conducted but no systematic review has been attempted in this context. Therefore, the present study systematically investigated the risk factors associated with suicidal behaviors, and the method of suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was performed to include papers published up until September 30, 2022. From an initial 144 papers, 18 studies which met the inclusion criteria were included in the present review. The Pierson's method was used for quality assessment of the included studies in the present review.

RESULTS: The risk factors associated with suicide comprised: (i) socio-demographic factors (e.g., being aged between 31 and 50 years, male, married, unemployed), (ii) behavior and health-related factors (e.g., unavailability of alcohol and alcohol withdrawal symptoms, poor state of physical health and health issues, family disputes, relationship complexities, and sexual harassment), (iii) COVID-19-related factors (e.g., fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 test results, quarantine or isolation, financial hardship due to the pandemic, having influenza-like symptoms, experiencing stigmatization and ostracism despite testing negative, separation from family due to transport restrictions, misinterpreting other illness symptoms as COVID-19, saving the village from infection, watching COVID-19 videos on social media, online schooling, perceived stigma toward COVID-19, and being suspected of having COVID-19), and (iv) psychopathological stressors (depression, loneliness, stress, TikTok addiction, and poor mental health, suicidal tendencies, helplessness, and worrying). Hanging was the most common method of suicide. In addition, jumping from high buildings, poisoning, drowning, burning, cutting or slitting throat or wrists, self-immolation, medication overdose, electrocution, pesticide, and gun-shot were also used to carry out the suicide.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this research suggest multiple reasons for suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic and knowledge of such factors could aid in developing suicide prevention strategies focusing the most vulnerable cohorts inside and outside India.},
}

@article {pmid40477664,
year = {2022},
author = {Chen, J and Tan, R and Mo, Y and Zhang, J},
title = {The blood-brain barrier in health, neurological diseases, and COVID-19.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {2},
number = {5},
pages = {817-826},
pmid = {40477664},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood, and is critical in controlling the movement of ions, molecules and cells to maintain CNS homeostasis. The disruption of BBB is a key event responsible for the pathology in a number of neurological diseases and has also been shown to be involved in the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections recently. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular components orchestrating BBB formation and function maintenance across species. How this barrier can be modulated for efficient drug delivery into the brain, and how BBB breakdown participates in neurological diseases are discussed. Finally, we highlight the recent work identifying the possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades CNS by crossing BBB in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.},
}

@article {pmid40477687,
year = {2022},
author = {Murjani, BO and Kadu, PS and Bansod, M and Vaidya, SS and Yadav, MD},
title = {Carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications: current status, promises, and challenges.},
journal = {Carbon letters},
volume = {32},
number = {5},
pages = {1207-1226},
pmid = {40477687},
issn = {2233-4998},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: In the past decade, there has been phenomenal progress in the field of nanomaterials, especially in the area of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this review, we have elucidated a contemporary synopsis of properties, synthesis, functionalization, toxicity, and several potential biomedical applications of CNTs. Researchers have reported remarkable mechanical, electronic, and physical properties of CNTs which makes their applications so versatile. Functionalization of CNTs has been valuable in modifying their properties, expanding their applications, and reducing their toxicity. In recent years, the use of CNTs in biomedical applications has grown exponentially as they are utilized in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, bioimaging, and cancer treatment. CNTs can increase the lifespan of drugs in humans and facilitate their delivery directly to the targeted cells; they are also highly efficient biocompatible biosensors and bioimaging agents. CNTs have also shown great results in detecting the SARS COVID-19 virus and in the field of cancer treatment and tissue engineering which is substantially required looking at the present conditions. The concerns about CNTs include cytotoxicity faced in in vivo biomedical applications and its high manufacturing cost are discussed in the review.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42823-022-00364-4.},
}

@article {pmid40368188,
year = {2025},
author = {Cao, D and Tian, M and Liu, Z and Guo, K and Peng, J and Ravichandra, A and Ferrell, C and Dong, Y},
title = {Unlock the sustained therapeutic efficacy of mRNA.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {383},
number = {},
pages = {113837},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113837},
pmid = {40368188},
issn = {1873-4995},
mesh = {Humans ; *RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/genetics ; Animals ; Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Lipids/chemistry ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Drug Delivery Systems ; mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Liposomes ; },
abstract = {mRNA therapies have emerged as a transformative class of medicines, offering immense potential across a diverse array of applications. This progress has been particularly evident in the wake of the success of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. As these applications expand, the demand for sustained protein production has become increasingly critical. However, conventional mRNA therapies face significant challenges, including inherent RNA instability and suboptimal expression efficiency, often requiring repeated dosing to maintain therapeutic efficacy over time. This review highlights recent advances in strategies to prolong the therapeutic efficacy of LNP-mRNA systems. We focus on preclinical and emerging approaches aimed at extending the period of protein translation by engineering both the mRNA molecule and the LNP delivery system. Sustained protein expression is a cornerstone of mRNA-based therapeutics, and addressing this challenge is vital for unlocking their therapeutic potential. We hope this review provides valuable insights to guide the development of optimized delivery platforms for LNP-mRNA therapeutics.},
}

Humans
*RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/genetics
Animals
Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry
Lipids/chemistry
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Drug Delivery Systems
mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
Delayed-Action Preparations
Liposomes

@article {pmid40164121,
year = {2025},
author = {Trilla, A and Trilla, G and Aldea, M and Vilella, A},
title = {What Is Next for COVID-19 Vaccination?.},
journal = {Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {82-94},
doi = {10.1055/a-2531-1211},
pmid = {40164121},
issn = {1098-9048},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Vaccination ; },
abstract = {Whenever a new COVID-19 vaccination season starts, we must face new challenges, including which vaccines to use, the update of the high-risk groups to be vaccinated, and especially the type and amount of information to be communicated to people in order to promote vaccination. COVID-19 vaccination recommendations should fit these specific conditions. The use of effective vaccines against the predominant SARS-CoV-2 virus variants and the extent of the immune response (waning immunity) are key aspects to try to protect better the high-risk populations. Updated vaccines are currently swiftly available. However, the number of people vaccinated with any additional booster dose is declining. Improved health information and training for health care professionals, together with the use of better tools to make simpler vaccination recommendations, can encourage higher vaccination rates. Addressing these challenges is essential to improve vaccination coverage and ensure adequate protection in the face of evolving COVID-19 threats. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a constant presence in our society. The virus changes but is neither endemic nor seasonal so far. The Omicron variant prevailed for nearly 2 years and now several of its subvariants like JN.1, KP.2, or XEC are or can be the dominant ones. In the face of this moving situation, the main message must be the same: COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. The role of current COVID-19 vaccination efforts is to mitigate the severity of the disease and reduce the risk of complications and death, instead of preventing most SARS-CoV-2 infections. New vaccines against COVID-19 are now at different stages of clinical research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Vaccination

@article {pmid39870103,
year = {2025},
author = {Ridelfi, M and Pierleoni, G and Fonseca, VZG and Batani, G and Rappuoli, R and Sala, C},
title = {State of the Art and Emerging Technologies in Vaccine Design for Respiratory Pathogens.},
journal = {Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {63-81},
doi = {10.1055/a-2500-1878},
pmid = {39870103},
issn = {1098-9048},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/microbiology/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccine Development/methods ; *Bacterial Vaccines ; },
abstract = {In this review, we present the efforts made so far in developing effective solutions to prevent infections caused by seven major respiratory pathogens: influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Advancements driven by the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis have largely focused on viruses, but effective prophylactic solutions for bacterial pathogens are also needed, especially in light of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenomenon. Here, we discuss various innovative key technologies that can help address this critical need, such as (a) the development of Lung-on-Chip ex vivo models to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis process and the host-microbe interactions; (b) a more thorough investigation of the mechanisms behind mucosal immunity as the first line of defense against pathogens; (c) the identification of correlates of protection (CoPs) which, in conjunction with the Reverse Vaccinology 2.0 approach, can push a more rational and targeted design of vaccines. By focusing on these critical areas, we expect substantial progress in the development of new vaccines against respiratory bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing global health protection in the framework of the increasingly concerning AMR emergence.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/prevention & control
*Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/microbiology/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccine Development/methods
*Bacterial Vaccines

@article {pmid39708836,
year = {2025},
author = {Makan-Murphy, N and Madhi, SA and Dangor, Z},
title = {Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Maternal Vaccination against Respiratory Infections in Young Infants.},
journal = {Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1055/a-2471-6906},
pmid = {39708836},
issn = {1098-9048},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control ; Infant, Newborn ; *Vaccination/methods ; Infant ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage ; },
abstract = {Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maternal vaccination is an effective strategy in protecting young infants from LRTI, particularly in the first few months after birth when infant is most vulnerable, and most primary childhood vaccinations have not been administered. Additionally, maternal vaccination protects the mother from illness during pregnancy and the postnatal period, and the developing fetus from adverse outcomes such as stillbirth and prematurity. In this paper, we review the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of maternal vaccines against LRTIs, such as pertussis, influenza, coronavirus disease 2019, and respiratory syncytial virus.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
*Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
Infant, Newborn
*Vaccination/methods
Infant
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
COVID-19/prevention & control
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
Influenza, Human/prevention & control
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage

@article {pmid40477620,
year = {2022},
author = {Serrano, M and Espinosa, G and Cervera, R and Serrano, A},
title = {COVID-19 coagulopathy and antiphospholipid syndrome.},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S25-S34},
pmid = {40477620},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {The presence of thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients has been described since the beginning of the pandemic. This association has been confirmed in most of the reported studies. Autopsy reports have shown that most thromboses are located in the lung, although they have also been observed in other organs such as the skin and kidneys. SARS-CoV2 infection induces a generalized prothrombotic state, which is attributed to a combination of factors such as hypoxia, excess cellular apoptosis, and mainly to overactivation of the immune system. Among immune-mediated prothrombotic situations, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) stands out. Recurrent thrombotic events are observed in APS in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). There are numerous studies that report high prevalence of aPL in patients with COVID-19 infection. However, the results show discrepancies in the data on the prevalence of aPL, and its role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in these patients. This could be due to the heterogeneity of the detection procedures for aPL or to transient elevations of non-pathogenic aPL levels in the context of infection. In this review we try to clarify the role of aPL in COVID-19 infection, and attempt to answer the question of whether it is a coagulopathy of its own, or secondary to APS.},
}

@article {pmid40477482,
year = {2022},
author = {Lawrensia, S and Henrina, J and Cahyadi, A},
title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the rheumatological spectrum of complications post COVID-19 infection.},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S17-S24},
pmid = {40477482},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is a rare but severe complication in adults infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, the pathophysiology remains elusive, as the limited number of reports preclude a broader understanding of this syndrome. We conducted this systematic review to explore the clinical spectrum of MIS-A, in particular its rheumatological manifestations. Meta-analyses of case-series were also performed. We identified 28 patients from 14 case reports and two case series of MIS-A. This disease occurred equally in both genders, with a mean age of 33 + 10 years old, and predominantly in those of African descent (40%). Rheumatological manifestations consisted of Kawasaki Disease (KD)-like symptoms. Ninety percent of patients had positive COVID-19 serology tests, while 48% of patients were negative for COVID-19 RT-PCR test. Twelve patients were admitted to ICU and unfortunately two died. Although the signs and symptoms of MIS mimicked KD, the gastro-intestinal findings were more prominent in the former group. The demographic make-up was also different, with MIS-A occurring mostly in those of African descent. Importantly, unlike their paediatric counterparts, the adult group did not have coronary artery abnormalities. Long-term monitoring is needed as safety data is scarce. Of note, although the prognosis of MIS-A is excellent, the life-threatening nature of this syndrome demands intensive care unit level of care and mechanical support. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a constellation of KD symptoms in an adult patient should alert the clinician to the possibility of MIS-A.},
}

@article {pmid40477429,
year = {2022},
author = {Orozco, BJD and Imbachí, SAJ and Ospina, AI},
title = {[Pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, a review in SARS-CoV-2 pandemia].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S56-S65},
pmid = {40477429},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most frequent chronic autoimmune pathologies. It's prevalence varies from 0.5 to 1%, with a primary involvement at the joint, generating disability due to deformities secondary to persistent inflammation. Considering the high impact on the quality of life of those who suffer it, added to the high cost of therapeutic interventions, it becomes imperative for health personnel to join forces to promote early diagnosis and recognize potential complications, in order to impact positively on clinical outcomes. Around 50% of patients with RA may have extra-articular involvement, the lung being one of the most affected organs. In times of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it's necessary to remember the types of lung involvement in patients with RA and take into account the susceptibility of these patients to infectious conditions that can generate great morbidity and mortality.},
}

@article {pmid40477413,
year = {2022},
author = {Naranjo Arango, YA and García Henao, JP and Farfán Cortés, AYAA and Álvarez Correa, D},
title = {[Guillain-Barré syndrome as an autoimmune neurological manifestation associated with COVID-19: A review of the literature].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S48-S55},
pmid = {40477413},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been a challenge for health services around the world. The pandemic has spread widely, with more than 80 million confirmed cases and more than one million deaths globally. There have been many studies to understand all aspects of the disease. Recently, several cases have been reported of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 as the main manifestation. As it may be one of the first autoimmune neurological diseases triggered by SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to obtain more information to fully understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in this association.},
}

@article {pmid40477374,
year = {2022},
author = {Tuta-Quintero, E and Vega-Corredor, MC and Perdomo-Rodríguez, LS and Pimentel, J},
title = {[Colchicine, an old friend's perspectives for rheumatology in COVID-19: a scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S35-S47},
pmid = {40477374},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Colchicine is widely used to treat inflammatory diseases such as gout and Mediterranean fever. Due to its immunomodulatory capacity, it could play an important role in the treatment of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the current available medical evidence, published until 28 December 2020, regarding the efficacy and safety of colchicine in the treatment of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Scoping review of the literature that included PubMed and Scopus. Records of clinical trials and publications with empirical data (observational and experimental studies) in English and Spanish were included.

RESULTS: A total of 33 clinical trials and 6 publications were found: prospective (n = 2) and retrospective (n = 2) cohort studies, randomised clinical trials (n = 1) and case-control studies (n = 1). The total number of participants in the trials is 46,324 individuals, 73% (24/33) of the studies are recruiting participants and 51% (17/33) are phase 3 studies.

CONCLUSIONS: One clinical trial reports a decrease in prognostic inflammatory markers and length of hospital stay in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ongoing clinical trials will clarify the efficacy and safety of colchicine for the management of patients with COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40477493,
year = {2022},
author = {Prakash, J and Cho, J and Mishra, YK},
title = {Photocatalytic TiO2 nanomaterials as potential antimicrobial and antiviral agents: Scope against blocking the SARS-COV-2 spread.},
journal = {Micro and nano engineering},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {100100},
pmid = {40477493},
issn = {2590-0072},
abstract = {The whole world is struggling with current coronavirus pandemic that shows urgent need to develop novel technologies, medical innovations or innovative materials for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mode of infection of SARS-CoV-2 is still not well known and seems to spread through surface, air, and water. Therefore, the whole surrounding environment needs to be disinfected with continuous function. For that purpose, materials with excellent antiviral properties, cost effective, environmental friendly and practically applicable should be researched. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) under ultraviolet light produces strong oxidative effect and is utilized as photocatalytic disinfectant in biomedical field. TiO2 based photocatalysts are effective antimicrobial/antiviral agents under ambient conditions with potential to be used even in indoor environment for inactivation of bacteria/viruses. Interestingly, recent studies highlight the effective disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 using TiO2 photocatalysts. Here, scope of TiO2 photocatalysts as emerging disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 infection has been discussed in view of their excellent antibacterial and antiviral activities against various bacteria and viruses (e.g. H1N1, MNV, HSV, NDV, HCoV etc.). The current state of development of TiO2 based nano-photocatalysts as disinfectant shows their potential to combat with SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and are promising for any other such variants or viruses, bacteria in future studies.},
}

@article {pmid40477376,
year = {2021},
author = {Su, H and Xu, Y and Jiang, H},
title = {Drug discovery and development targeting the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {151-165},
pmid = {40477376},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {A newly emerged coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shows high similarities with SARS-CoV. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic, and the disease was named the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 46 million infections and over one million deaths worldwide, and the numbers are still increasing. Efficacious antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat this virus. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 mainly includes the viral attachment, membrane fusion, genomic replication, assembly and budding of virions. Accordingly, drug development against SARS-CoV-2 currently focuses on blocking spike protein binding to ACE2, inhibiting viral membrane fusion with host cells, and preventing the viral replication by targeting 3C-like protease, papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as well as some host-cell proteins. In this review, the advances of drug development in these three major areas are elaborated.},
}

@article {pmid40477323,
year = {2021},
author = {Tian, X and Li, C and Wu, Y and Ying, T},
title = {Insights into biological therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {166-178},
pmid = {40477323},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The worldwide pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in late December 2019 requires the urgent development of therapeutic options. So far, numerous studies have investigated and uncovered the underlying epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infections in order to develop effective drugs. Compared with antiviral small-molecule inhibitors, biotherapeutics have unique advantages such as fewer side effects by virtue of their high specificity, and thus can be rapidly developed for promising treatments of COVID-19. Here, we summarize potential biotherapeutics and their mechanisms of action, including convalescent plasma, therapeutic antibodies, peptides, engineered ACE2, interferons, cytokine inhibitors, and RNAi-based therapeutics, and discuss in depth the advancements and precautions for each type of biotherapeutics in the treatment of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40477280,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhu, A and Chen, Z and Wang, Y and Zeng, Q and Sun, J and Zhuang, Z and Li, F and Zhao, J and Zhao, J and Zhong, N},
title = {Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Humans and ACE2 humanized mice.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {124-130},
pmid = {40477280},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major public health threat worldwide. Insight into protective and pathogenic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses is critical to work out effective therapeutics and develop vaccines for controlling the disease. Here, we review the present literature describing the innate and adaptive immune responses including innate immune cells, cytokine responses, antibody responses and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in human infection, as well as in AEC2-humanized mouse infection. We also summarize the now known and unknown about the role of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. By better understanding the mechanisms that drive the immune responses, we can tailor treatment strategies at specific disease stages and improve our response to this worldwide public health threat.},
}

@article {pmid40476637,
year = {2025},
author = {Rahmati, M and Udeh, R and Kang, J and Dolja-Gore, X and McEvoy, M and Kazemi, A and Soysal, P and Smith, L and Kenna, T and Fond, G and Boussat, B and Nguyen, DC and Do, H and Tran, BX and Veronese, N and Yon, DK and Boyer, L},
title = {Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Symptoms 3 Years Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {97},
number = {6},
pages = {e70429},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.70429},
pmid = {40476637},
issn = {1096-9071},
support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology ; Fatigue/epidemiology ; Dyspnea/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Survivors ; },
abstract = {The symptoms of long COVID are well-documented. However, the long-term effects beyond 2 years remain poorly understood due to a lack of data. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the prevalence of persistent symptoms in COVID-19 survivors 3 years following initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were searched from inception of the databases up to July 20, 2024, by two independent researchers for articles reporting on the prevalence of persistent symptoms 3 years' post-infection of people who survived COVID-19 infection. We employed a random-effect model for the pooled analysis, and the meta-analytical effect size was prevalence for the applicable end-points, I[2] statistics, and quality assessment of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Eleven articles were included after the literature search yielded 223 potentially relevant articles. We found that among patients with long COVID, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea were the most common symptoms. Pooled analysis showed that the proportion of individuals experiencing at least one persistent symptom 3 years post-COVID-19 is 20% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-43). The prevalence of persistent symptoms was dyspnea (12%; 95% CI: 10-15), fatigue (11%; 95% CI: 6-20), insomnia (11%; 95% CI: 2-37), loss of smell (7%; 95% CI: 5-8), loss of taste (7%; 95% CI: 3-16), and anxiety (6%; 95% CI: 1-32). Prevalence of other findings include impaired diffusion capacity (42%; 95% CI: 34-50) and impaired forced expiratory volume in 1 s (10%; 95% CI: 8-12). Our findings confirm the persistence of unresolved symptoms 3 years post-COVID-19 infection, with implications for future research, healthcare policy, and patient care.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology
Fatigue/epidemiology
Dyspnea/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence
Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Survivors

@article {pmid40475715,
year = {2025},
author = {Caramoci, A and Smaranda, AM and Drăgoiu, TS and Bădărău, IA},
title = {ECG Screening in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Sport, Age, and Gender Variations.},
journal = {Reviews in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {38209},
pmid = {40475715},
issn = {2153-8174},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The electrocardiogram (ECG) screening in athletes is essential due to the unique cardiac adaptations induced by intensive training. However, differentiating between physiological adaptations and pathological abnormalities remains a significant challenge, particularly when considering variations across different sports, ages, and genders.

METHODS: A systematic review of observational studies published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were extracted from 20 studies examining ECG changes in athletes across endurance, strength, and mixed sports, encompassing both adolescent and adult populations.

RESULTS: Commonly observed ECG changes included increased QRS amplitude, T-wave inversions, and sinus bradycardia, particularly in endurance athletes, while strength-based athletes frequently exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy. Male athletes showed higher QRS voltages, longer QRS durations, and higher PR intervals, whereas female athletes demonstrated elevated resting heart rates and prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals. Adolescents who engaged in regular sports displayed fewer abnormal ECG findings than adults; however, high-intensity training in adolescent athletes was associated with right atrial enlargement and increased P-wave duration. Detraining effectively reversed certain ECG changes, including prolonged QT intervals and T-wave abnormalities, though these changes often reappeared upon resumption of intense training. Notably, de novo ECG abnormalities, such as T-wave inversions and ST-segment depression, were identified in athletes with post-COVID-19 infections. This review also highlights the financial burden of widespread ECG screening, but reinforces the importance of ECG screening in preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) through comprehensive cardiac evaluations.

CONCLUSION: This review emphasizes the complexity of ECG interpretation in athletes, highlighting sport-specific, gender-based, and age-related variations. The persistent high false-positive rates underscore the need for refined, sport-specific ECG guidelines. Recent recognition of sports medicine as a primary specialty within the European Union (EU) reinforces the importance of comprehensive physician training. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technology into ECG screening can enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce costs, and facilitate large-scale implementation. Meanwhile, collaborative efforts among clinicians, researchers, and policymakers are essential to developing cost-effective and standardized ECG screening protocols, ensuring improved athlete care, and advancing the field of sports cardiology.},
}

@article {pmid40475275,
year = {2025},
author = {Udoh, EE and Udoh, UA and Egwuenu, A and Esu, EB and Eteng, A and Ovat, FE and Okomo, U and Oduwole, O and Okebe, J and Meremikwu, M},
title = {Soap and water cleaning versus bleach-based cleaners for eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Journal of public health in Africa},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {612},
pmid = {40475275},
issn = {2038-9922},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Households and community settings are important hubs for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As understanding of viral transmission improves, infection prevention and control (IPC) policies need to be updated.

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of soap and water alone to bleach-based cleaners in eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infection in households and community settings.

SETTING: We conducted a virtual search through the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane database of systematic reviews, PubMed, EMBASE, and Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC).

METHODS: We assessed studies which compared the effect of soap and water cleaning on SARS-CoV-2 among humans to that of bleach-based cleaning, both in households and communities. We prioritised systematic reviews and randomised studies and only included other study designs, such as laboratory studies, which had interventions of relevant interest.

RESULTS: We retrieved 1192 articles from the search. We summarised evidence from three laboratory studies as there were no randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or comparative effectiveness studies that met our inclusion criteria. Indirect evidence suggests that soap and bleach-based cleaners were effective at different concentrations. Substantial heterogeneity between the cited studies precludes any inference on effectiveness in reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Both interventions remain important components of IPC measures.

CONCLUSION: There was no evidence for comparison of soap and water versus bleach-based cleaners against SARS-CoV-2 in humans in household and community settings. Indirect evidence shows both interventions to be effective against the virus.

CONTRIBUTIONS: Primary studies addressing this critical question are required to guide public health recommendations and policies.},
}

@article {pmid40474772,
year = {2025},
author = {Gupta, G and Buonsenso, D and Wood, J and Mohandas, S and Warburton, D},
title = {Mechanistic Insights Into Long Covid: Viral Persistence, Immune Dysregulation, and Multi-Organ Dysfunction.},
journal = {Comprehensive Physiology},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {e70019},
doi = {10.1002/cph4.70019},
pmid = {40474772},
issn = {2040-4603},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology/physiopathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; *Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/virology/etiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Long Covid is a post-viral syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms targeting multiple organ systems after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Current literature suggests that the mechanisms causing Long Covid involve viral persistence, immune dysregulation, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. By forming reservoirs in the tissues of various organs, SARS-CoV-2 may evade immunological clearances while triggering immune responses and contributing to chronic symptoms through cytokine imbalances, T-cell exhaustion, and systemic inflammation. These symptoms parallel other post-viral syndromes such as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), suggesting similar mechanisms of pathology. The coronavirus has also been linked to neuroinflammation and endothelial dysfunction causing cognitive symptoms and cardiovascular complications. Furthermore, its ability to lower energy production links it to post-exertion malaise (PEM) and muscle pain. These symptoms may result from iron dysregulation and persistent oxidative stress due to Covid-impaired mitochondrial function. This review synthesizes current data on the mechanisms that drive Long Covid pathogenesis and explores potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate viral persistence, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. It is critical to understand these interactions to develop targeted interventions that address the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and improve patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology/physiopathology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
*Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/virology/etiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Animals

@article {pmid40473269,
year = {2025},
author = {Andresen, K and Carreira, H and Jain, R and Forbes, H and Williamson, E and Quint, JK and Bhaskaran, K},
title = {Associations between cancer survivorship and subsequent respiratory disease: a systematic literature review.},
journal = {BMJ open respiratory research},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjresp-2024-002681},
pmid = {40473269},
issn = {2052-4439},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cancer Survivors/statistics & numerical data ; *Survivorship ; *Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; *Neoplasms/complications ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The population of cancer survivors is growing. Some cancers and their treatments may lead to long-term adverse respiratory issues. This systematic review aims to summarise the evidence on the association between cancer survivorship and long-term respiratory health, across a range of cancer types.

METHODS: We searched Cochrane, Embase and MEDLINE up until 23 February 2025 for cohort or nested case-control studies comparing incident respiratory outcomes in people with a history of cancer versus population-based cancer-free controls. We required studies to include follow-up time beyond the period of active cancer treatment. Outcomes included acute respiratory infections and chronic respiratory conditions. Study quality was assessed using The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology checklists.

RESULTS: We identified 34 eligible cohort studies. Cancer survivors' cohort sizes ranged from 1325 to >8 million. Only 4 out of 34 studies adjusted for smoking, leading to most studies being rated as low quality. Four of the 21 studies of acute respiratory infections were rated as acceptable/high quality, and of these, all observed raised risks, notably among survivors of haematological, head and neck, lung and oesophageal cancers. Of 19 studies of chronic respiratory conditions, 1 was rated as high quality, finding increased risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonitis in survivors of head and neck cancer. The remaining studies found increased risks of adverse outcomes from acute respiratory infections in 17 of 21 cancer types for which data were available, and of COPD in cervical, head and neck, lung, oesophageal, oral, stomach, thyroid and vulva cancers.

DISCUSSION: These findings suggest increased risks of a range of respiratory conditions in survivors of some cancers. Much of the evidence is compromised by a lack of control for key potential confounders, like smoking. Future studies should address this limitation and investigate the drivers of respiratory risks in cancer survivors. Improved evidence could inform mitigation strategies and lead to better survivorship care plans.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022311557.},
}

Humans
*Cancer Survivors/statistics & numerical data
*Survivorship
*Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
*Neoplasms/complications
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
Risk Factors

@article {pmid40473220,
year = {2025},
author = {Malune, P and Esposito, F and Tramontano, E},
title = {Unveiling SARS-CoV-2's heart: role, structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.},
journal = {Antiviral research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106208},
doi = {10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106208},
pmid = {40473220},
issn = {1872-9096},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 emergence in late 2019 represented an incredible challenge for virological research and the development of novel as well as repurposed antiviral agents. Among the targeted viral proteins, one is nsp12 that carries the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity, essential for the viral replication. Together with nsp7 and nsp8 cofactors, having an essential role in aiding processivity and associated with several other nonstructural proteins such as helicase, methyltransferase, endo- and exonuclease, nsp12 forms the large viral replication and transcription complex (RTC). Within such RTC, nsp12 catalyzes the synthesis of one of the longest RNA genomes in the viral world, requiring exceptional speed, processivity and fidelity compared to other viral RdRps. Moreover, the peculiar replication cycle of coronaviruses requires nsp12 to perform less conventional functions in backtracking on the viral genome for proof-reading activity and "jumping" during discontinuous synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs. The structure of the minimal RTC was resolved with a resolution < 3 Å by cryo-electron microscopy in complex with RNA and with inhibitors, opening the doors to structural studies on its functions and drug development. Given its essential role in viral replication, extensive research was carried out over the last years to identify both nucleoside (NI) and non-nucleoside (NNI) inhibitors, resulting in two NIs reaching clinical use, although their efficacy in vivo is still under evaluation. This review aims at summarizing the currently known structural and functional aspects and the state-of-the art in drug discovery for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp.},
}

@article {pmid40472669,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohammadi, S and Sisay, MM and Saraswati, PW and Osman, AK and Zuithoff, NPA and Weibel, D and Sturkenboom, M and Ahmadizar, F},
title = {COVID-19 vaccine safety studies among special populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 120 observational studies and randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {61},
number = {},
pages = {127342},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127342},
pmid = {40472669},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 vaccines were rapidly developed and tested, but concerns about vaccine-related adverse events remain, especially in special groups like pregnant women, children, and those with certain health conditions. This review aims to summarize rates of such adverse events in individuals often not included in randomized clinical trials (RCT).

METHOD: From December 2019 to February 2022, we searched Embase and Medline for observational studies and RCTs on adverse events post-COVID-19 vaccination in special populations. We examined severe and non-severe events in individuals with specific medical conditions, infants, children, pregnant individuals, and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Cumulative risks for all events were calculated. The Incidence rate (IR) and 95% confidence intervals were reported for those studies that met the follow-up period criteria based on the referenced literature. For events with data on exposed and unexposed groups, we calculated the odds ratio (OR). Pooled incidence rates were calculated per 1000,000 person-days using a random-effects model. Sub-group analyses were conducted based on vaccine types and doses, with heterogeneity assessed using I[2].

RESULTS: Of the 4,254 papers, 235 met eligibility criteria, including 120 studies with 171,073 participants (113 observational, eight RCTs). We examined 17 severe and seven non-severe adverse event categories. Lymphadenopathy (IR: 1950[1200,3190]), autoimmune disease and multiple sclerosis flare-up (1130 [470,2680]), and cardiac symptoms (0.26[0.00,10.58]) were the most prevalent severe adverse events. Autoimmune disease flare-ups and cardiac symptoms were more common following the second dose compared to the first dose. The overall incidence of serious adverse events was low in children and adolescents, pregnant, autoimmune, and cancer patients.

DISCUSSION: This review highlights COVID-19 vaccine safety in special populations, enhancing vaccination strategies. Further real-world research is needed to validate and extend our findings, especially in addressing safety gaps among special groups.},
}

@article {pmid40471123,
year = {2025},
author = {Alves, MCS and Rego, MS and Silva, RCCD and Silva, RA and Arruda, IES and Paiva-Júnior, SSL and Balbino, VQ},
title = {Gut Microbiota and COVID-19: Unraveling the Gut-Lung Axis and Immunomodulatory Therapies.},
journal = {ACS infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00250},
pmid = {40471123},
issn = {2373-8227},
abstract = {The gut flora modulates immune responses and influences COVID-19 severity. SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the gut microbiota, causing dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation and worsening clinical outcomes. Dysbiosis correlates with elevated inflammatory markers, such as CRP and PCT, contributing to severe complications. Studies show that COVID-19 patients have reduced beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium spp., alongside increased opportunistic pathogens. This review explores how gut microbiota impacts COVID-19 through predictive microbial signatures and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fiber-rich diets, may restore microbial balance, reduce inflammation, and support recovery. Additionally, we examine the effects of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies on the gut microbiota and their role in post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Understanding the gut-lung axis in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may reveal microbiota-targeted treatments to improve outcomes and prevent complications. As the host organ with the highest microbial diversity, the gut plays a crucial role in viral infections and warrants further research.},
}

@article {pmid40470521,
year = {2025},
author = {Tan, JXR and Oshitani, H and Khanh, LP and Jitpeera, C and Ferretti, L and Cook, AR},
title = {Lessons for future outbreaks from successful contact tracing systems in Asia.},
journal = {The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific},
volume = {58},
number = {},
pages = {101563},
pmid = {40470521},
issn = {2666-6065},
abstract = {Countries around the world had utilized contact tracing to support public health responses to curb transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, countries in East and Southeast Asia had been effective in their contact tracing responses. To understand their successes, the contact tracing systems of Japan, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam were comparatively analyzed, including the technical aspects of contact tracing approaches, detection and response structures. Through the comparative analysis, we uncovered the key elements within these successful systems, namely speed, capture and accuracy, designed specific for the countries' settings. For the system to work efficiently, we found that maintaining the balance across speed, capture and accuracy while adapting to the disease epidemiology and environment was essential. Contact tracing will remain a vital strategy to control the next epidemic with a pandemic potential. The lessons learnt could provide guiding principles to help enhance contact tracing systems and prepare for future outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40469441,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, X and Jiang, L and Sun, W and Tang, S and Kang, X and Gao, Q and Li, Z and An, X and Lian, F},
title = {Understanding the interplay between COVID-19 and diabetes: insights for the post-pandemic era.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1599969},
pmid = {40469441},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/virology ; Pandemics ; Diabetes Complications/epidemiology ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; },
abstract = {The global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has had a profound impact on the onset, progression, and management of diabetes, posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. This review elucidates the multifaceted impact of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes mellitus, emphasizing the increased complexity of glycemic management in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection following viral infection in the postpandemic era. In this study, we examined the diverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on individuals with diabetes. These effects included an elevated risk of morbidity, erratic fluctuations in blood glucose levels, the emergence of complications associated with diabetes, and the emergence of challenges related to self-management of the disease. From a mechanistic perspective, we investigated the following factors: SARS-CoV-2-mediated direct damage to islet beta cells, dysregulation of the RAAS system, impairment of islet function by oxidative stress, and the effects of the integrated stress response, stress response, and reduced adiponectin levels on insulin utilization efficiency and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, viral effects extend to diabetic complications and cardiovascular risk factors, such as coagulation abnormalities, hypertension, and lipid metabolism. This results in an exacerbation of the development of diabetic complications. This review highlights the urgent need for refined management strategies for patients with diabetes during the pandemic and in the later stages of COVID-19. Additionally, there is a need for integrated management strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the long-term outcomes of patients with diabetes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/virology
Pandemics
Diabetes Complications/epidemiology
Blood Glucose/metabolism
Renin-Angiotensin System

@article {pmid40469238,
year = {2025},
author = {Harb, A and Souza-Talarico, JN and Willey, G and da Silva, FC and de Jesus, MCF and Deberg, J},
title = {Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential risk factor for post-pandemic cognitive decline in older adults without dementia.},
journal = {Dementia & neuropsychologia},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {e20240256},
pmid = {40469238},
issn = {1980-5764},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated loneliness and social isolation among older adults, raising concerns about their mental and physical well-being. While loneliness's adverse effects on health are well-documented, its specific impact on cognitive health during the pandemic remains under investigation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic and cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired older adults by synthesizing evidence from primary studies.

METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), EMBASE, Scopus, AgeLine, and ProQuest, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were selected to examine the association between loneliness and cognitive function in cognitively unimpaired older adults (aged ≥50 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS: A total of eight studies were included from 1,384 search results, reviewing data from 10,449 cognitively unimpaired older adults. A total of six studies found significant associations between loneliness or social isolation and subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Only one study linked loneliness to lower objective cognitive performance. Notably, half of the studies considered key covariates, such as depression, which could mediate the relationship between loneliness and cognitive decline.

CONCLUSION: Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to SCD in older adults, though objective evidence is limited. The pandemic underscored the long-term impact of social isolation on cognition and mental health, highlighting the need for standardized neuropsychological tools and key covariates in studies to identify those at risk.},
}

@article {pmid40469133,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Hu, J and Xu, Q and Zhang, F and Sun, C and Liu, K},
title = {The efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in treating severe COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.},
journal = {Pakistan journal of medical sciences},
volume = {41},
number = {5},
pages = {1517-1525},
pmid = {40469133},
issn = {1682-024X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Corticosteroids (CSs) are often administered for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the advantages and disadvantages of CSs remain controversial. Accordingly, we performed a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA) to ascertain the efficacy and safety of CSs in treating COVID-19.

METHODS: From their inception until April 2023, PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China Biology Medicine(CBM) were searched to gather randomized controlled trials on the administration of CSs for COVID-19 treatment. Following the literature screening according to the inclusion criteria, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two reviewers, and then we conducted a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis using RevMan 5.4 and TSA v0.9, respectively. This meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023458633).

RESULTS: A total of 6,077 literatures were obtained through the search, and 14 studies were finally included for quantitative meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the all-cause mortality in the group treated with CSs and standard treatment was significantly lower than that in the control group that received only standard treatment (RR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82-0.96, P=0.002), with a statistically significant difference. However, the TSA analysis revealed that the cumulative Z value exceeded the traditional boundary value yet did not surpass the TSA boundary value, indicating a possibility of false positive outcomes in the meta-analysis. The incidence of adverse reactions in the group receiving CSs treatment was higher than that in the control group, but the distinction was not statistically significant (RR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.64-1.63, P=0.93).

CONCLUSION: CSs appear to be effective and safe in decreasing the overall mortality of patients who suffer from severe COVID-19; however, further assessment is required to determine adverse reactions and improvements in clinical symptoms associated with CS administration.},
}

@article {pmid40469015,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, L and Feng, H},
title = {Respiratory virus mRNA vaccines: mRNA Design, clinical studies, and future challenges.},
journal = {Animal models and experimental medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ame2.70018},
pmid = {40469015},
issn = {2576-2095},
support = {2021YFA1300301//Grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 2018YFA0507101//Grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 31730054//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770900//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 5212016//Beijing Natural Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Respiratory infectious diseases frequently erupt on a global scale, with RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza viruses, posing challenges to vaccine development due to their high mutation rates. Traditional vaccine development cycles are lengthy and struggle to keep pace with rapidly evolving viruses, whereas messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated significant advantages due to their short development periods, straightforward production, and low costs. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple mRNA vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, rapidly received emergency use authorization, validating their feasibility. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, underscoring the efficacy of mRNA vaccine technology. In 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Moderna's respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) mRNA vaccine marked the immense potential of mRNA technology in vaccine innovation. This review article summarizes the design, clinical research, and future challenges of mRNA vaccines for respiratory viruses, delving into antigen design, mRNA delivery systems, and advancements in vaccines for multiple respiratory viruses, including innovations in self-amplifying mRNA and circular mRNA vaccines. Additionally, the development of combination vaccines is underway, aiming to provide protection against multiple viruses through a single administration. Despite the significant progress in mRNA vaccine development, challenges remain regarding raw material costs, stability, and delivery efficiency. In the future, with technological advancements and the accumulation of clinical experience, the design strategies and delivery systems of mRNA vaccines are expected to be continuously optimized, thereby enhancing their safety and efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40468266,
year = {2025},
author = {Conway-Moore, K and Birch, JM and McKinlay, AR and Graham, F and Oliver, E and Bambra, C and Kelly, MP and Bonell, C},
title = {How populist-aligned views affect receipt of non-COVID-19-related public health interventions: a systematic review of quantitative studies.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {2075},
pmid = {40468266},
issn = {1471-2458},
support = {PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Globally, there is increasing evidence of resistance to government-led public health interventions in areas such as vaccination, climate change mitigation, sexual and reproductive healthcare, and the implementation of non-pharmaceutical infection control measures. One potential explanation for this could be the documented global rise in populist attitudes, characterised by distrust of scientific, government and other perceived 'elites.' While the effect of such attitudes on engagement with COVID-19-related interventions has been extensively considered and researched, their association with the receipt of other public health interventions is currently underexplored.

METHODS: To understand how populist-aligned views might influence the receipt of public health interventions addressing areas other than COVID-19, we systematically reviewed quantitative research published across thirteen bibliographic databases and relevant websites between 2008 and 2024. All studies were set in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

RESULTS: Across 30 included studies, the vast majority of which were cross-sectional, we found evidence that populist-aligned attitudes have a negative impact on the receipt of public health interventions including vaccinations, sexual and reproductive health care and preventive health care. We also found preliminary evidence of the negative role of populist-aligned attitudes on the receipt of disease screening related to HIV/AIDS and adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions during times of public health emergency, such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: Although providing limited evidence of causality, the findings from this review suggest the need for future policy in many OECD countries to focus on trust-building between the public and political, scientific, and medical establishments. They also indicate the need for mitigation strategies to overcome the potentially negative impact of populist-style hostility towards out-groups on attitudes related to pressing public health issues such as abortion and family planning, for example by drawing on empathy-centred approaches.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42024513124.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Public Health
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40466390,
year = {2025},
author = {Movahed, F and Haji Hosseini, F and Heidari, A and Dehbozorgi, M and Ataei, M and Vahidi, F and Abyaneh, R and Bajelan, B and Bakhtiyari, M and Shafiee, A},
title = {COVID-19 vertical transmission from mothers to neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 204 studies.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {102825},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102825},
pmid = {40466390},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {This study estimates the prevalence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies risk factors for mother-to-neonate transmission. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to May 2024 identified 204 observational studies, out of 28,543 records, that included neonates with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 detection via RT-PCR. The overall vertical transmission rate was 4 % (95 % CI: 4 %-5 %), with notable heterogeneity (I[2] = 75 %). Transmission varied based on delivery method, income classification, and region, being higher in lower-income areas and cesarean deliveries. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 detection in breast milk was rare. Neonatal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies were frequently detected, while IgM antibodies were less common. The findings highlight the infrequency of vertical transmission but underline disparities in healthcare practices. Further high-quality studies, especially in low-income regions, are essential for a deeper understanding of vertical transmission dynamics in diverse clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40465915,
year = {2025},
author = {Borges, LA and Silva, PHBD and Zara, ALSA and Oliveira, ESF},
title = {Health surveillance in tackling COVID-19 in Brazil: a scope review.},
journal = {Ciencia & saude coletiva},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
pages = {e02202025},
doi = {10.1590/1413-81232025305.02202025},
pmid = {40465915},
issn = {1678-4561},
mesh = {Brazil/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Federal Government ; *Public Health Surveillance ; },
abstract = {The management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was marked by contradictory statements and controversial decisions by the head of the executive branch and the Ministry of Health, creating uncertainty about the effective implementation of federal actions to control the disease. This study aims to describe the main health surveillance strategies adopted by the federal government to combat COVID-19, with a focus on actions aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a scoping review conducted between November 2019 and January 2021, using DECS and MeSH descriptors in four databases, in addition to consulting 85 legislative documents available on the Brazilian government's legislation portal. The analysis included ten scientific articles and identified federal actions related to non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures, decisions on international borders, procurement of supplies, and essential services. The results point to the presence of sporadic strategies for pandemic containment but reveal insufficient surveillance in the face of the number of cases and deaths recorded. The study highlights the lack of robust federal support, which hindered the coordination and planning.},
}

Brazil/epidemiology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Humans
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Federal Government
*Public Health Surveillance

@article {pmid40465890,
year = {2025},
author = {Santana, LADM and Oliveira, MKC and Carvalho, MVC and Moura, PHM and Barreto, MDS and Santos, MALD and Santos, PLD and Correia, D and Silva, VKDS and Gopalsamy, RG and Trento, CL and Borges, LP and Takeshita, WM},
title = {Cytogenetic Alterations Observed in Exfoliative Cells of the Tongue and Oral Mucosa of SARS-CoV-2-Vaccinated Patients: Report of Two Cases and a Brief Literature Review.},
journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical},
volume = {58},
number = {},
pages = {e008042025},
doi = {10.1590/0037-8682-0008-2025},
pmid = {40465890},
issn = {1678-9849},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mouth Mucosa/pathology/cytology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *Tongue/pathology/cytology ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; },
abstract = {The wide distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) in oral tissues, especially in the salivary glands, which are natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), contributes to the classification of the oral cavity as a potential target for the development of lesions. Despite the effective response produced by next-generation immunizers, the possibility of immune escape by new lineages of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be refuted. Therefore, we describe here the occurrence of cytogenetic alterations in orally exfoliated cells of immunized individuals and, based on the literature review, call attention to the need to monitor these cases in the post-pandemic period.},
}

Humans
*Mouth Mucosa/pathology/cytology
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*Tongue/pathology/cytology
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Adult
Middle Aged
*Chromosome Aberrations

@article {pmid40465774,
year = {2025},
author = {Salmam, I and Dubé, MO and Zahouani, I and Ramos, A and Desmeules, F and Best, KL and Roy, JS},
title = {The impact of long COVID on physical and cardiorespiratory parameters: A systematic review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {e0318707},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0318707},
pmid = {40465774},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/physiopathology/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Adult ; Exercise Tolerance ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of COVID-19, millions worldwide have continued to experience persistent symptoms months after infection. Among these, physical and cardiorespiratory impairments are frequently reported, but remain poorly understood. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize evidence regarding physical and cardiorespiratory impairments in individuals with long COVID, defined as symptoms persisting for at least three months post-infection.

METHODS AND FINDINGS: A structured search was conducted across the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies on physical and cardiorespiratory deficits in adults with long COVID. Twenty-two studies involving 3,041 adults with long COVID were included. Critical appraisal using the JBI-APT indicated that most studies had clear inclusion criteria (17/22), well-defined study populations (17/22), and valid exposure measurements (16/22), though confounding factors were often unaddressed (9/22 unclear or not reported). Findings indicate that while adults with long COVID displayed normal pulmonary function at rest, including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and resting Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), significant impairments in exercise capacity were identified. Notably, all studies assessing the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) reported reduced distances, consistently falling below the 50th percentile of normative values. Additionally, VO₂peak was decreased in most studies (7/10), falling below 80% of the predicted value, indicating impaired aerobic capacity. Lower Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) values were observed in three out of six studies, with values below 75% of predicted, suggesting impaired gas exchange efficiency during exertion.

CONCLUSION: Despite preserved resting lung function, these findings highlight significant physical deconditioning in Long COVID adults, with substantial reduction in exercise capacity. Routine assessments should include more sensitive measures, such as the 6MWT and VO₂peak, to detect subtle exercise limitations, even in patients with normal resting SpO₂, to better inform rehabilitation interventions.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/physiopathology/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory Function Tests
Adult
Exercise Tolerance

@article {pmid40465080,
year = {2025},
author = {Wichmann, D and Hoenigl, M and Koehler, P and Koenig, C and Lund, F and Mang, S and Strauß, R and Weigand, MA and Hohmann, C and Kurzai, O and Heußel, C and Kochanek, M},
title = {Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill intensive care patients: executive summary of the German national guideline (AWMF 113-005).},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40465080},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The executive summary of the guideline aims to provide the most relevant recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit.

METHODS: The guideline's work included a systematic literature search, selection and assessment of the data relevant to the issues identified. Key questions included the areas of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostics, and therapy. They were discussed analogous to a PICO scheme within the guideline committee, with subsequent working groups proposing recommendations for specific key questions, which were then again discussed and finalized by the entire guideline committee.

RESULTS: In addition to the classic risk factors (persistent neutropenia, allogeneic stem cell transplantation, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, etc.), decompensated liver cirrhosis, COPD, solid tumours and viral pneumonia (influenza, COVID-19) have been established as risk factors for critically ill patients in need of intensive care. If there is no adequate improvement or even further clinical deterioration of the respiratory status in critically ill patients, the presence of IPA should be considered and appropriate diagnostic tests should be initiated. Diagnostics should include a CT scan of the chest and a broncho-alveolar lavage with culture for moulds, testing for galactomannan and PCR. Isavuconazole and voriconazole are recommended as first-line treatment, liposomal amphotericin B as an alternative, with posaconazole (PCZ) or the echinocandins (as an add-on to azole or polyene treatment) being additional options for salvage treatment.

CONCLUSION: Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. If indicated, invasive aspergillosis should be considered and appropriate diagnostic tests initiated. Isavuconazole and voriconazole are recommended as first-line treatment, liposomal amphotericin B as an alternative.},
}

@article {pmid40465040,
year = {2025},
author = {Ma, J and Paltin, D and Buch, KD and Miller-Perusse, M and Jaramillo, J and Horvath, KJ},
title = {Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Engagement Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {AIDS and behavior},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40465040},
issn = {1573-3254},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic substantially impacted the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum among men who have sex with men (MSM). While PrEP use during the pandemic has been studied, regional differences in PrEP regulations highlight the need for U.S.-specific reviews. This scoping review evaluates empirical literature on COVID-19's impact on PrEP engagement among U.S. MSM. A systematic search on August 29, 2024, identified articles from PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase. Eligible studies (a) collected empirical data from U.S. MSM, (b) assessed COVID-19's impact on PrEP engagement, and (c) were peer-reviewed, English-language, full-text articles. Standardized forms were used to extract study information. Study quality was appraised using validated tools for qualitative and quantitative research. Findings were synthesized using descriptive statistics and narrative summaries, categorized by distinct pandemic phases. Of 438 records, 21 studies were included (15 quantitative, five qualitative, one mixed-method), mostly conducted during the lockdown phase. Results showed reduced PrEP use (5.9-35.6%), increased missed doses (8.3-14.2%), and higher discontinuation rates (9.0-33.3%) during COVID-19. Barriers included refill issues (9.0-20.0%), limited access to care (2.5-17.0%), disrupted lab testing (~ 25.5%), and changes in clinic procedures. College-aged youth reported confidentiality concerns after returning home. Qualitative evidence highlighted telehealth and injectable PrEP as promising alternatives. This review reveals significant disruptions to PrEP care for U.S. MSM during COVID-19, a lack of post-lockdown research, underrepresentation of MSM from Northeastern and Pacific regions, and limited use of objective PrEP adherence measures. These findings underscore the need for emergency-prepared PrEP services and expanded telehealth and home-delivery options for future crises.},
}

@article {pmid40464778,
year = {2025},
author = {Barbosa, NL and Rangel Agra Oliveira, T and Nóbrega, LD and Araújo, TTF and Bezerra, SRS and Oliveira, GM and Do Nascimento, RM and Nogueira, PAMS and Tomaz, AF and Fernandes, ATDNSF},
title = {Prevalence and characteristics of respiratory and cardiovascular sequelae in post-COVID-19 syndromes: a scoping review.},
journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/17476348.2025.2515992},
pmid = {40464778},
issn = {1747-6356},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Post acute and Long COVID-19 are a public health issue, marked by persistent respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms such as dyspnea and palpitations. These complications often extend beyond the acute phase, affecting even individuals with mild or moderate COVID-19. This article reviews the clinical impact of long COVID-19 and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to management.

AREAS COVERED: A comprehensive literature search was conducted through PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, SciELO, and LILACS to identify studies published up to 28 October 2024, reporting on respiratory and cardiovascular sequelae in long COVID-19. This review examines the prevalence and characteristics of persistent symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and palpitations, as well as the associated risk factors and assessment methods.

EXPERT OPINION: Long COVID-19 represents a significant healthcare challenge, underscoring the need for standardized protocols for diagnosis and treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to address the diverse symptoms of affected patients. Future research should focus on understanding the underlying pathophysiology, and developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40464669,
year = {2025},
author = {Polishchuk, H and Synowiec, A and Zubrzycka, N and Kantyka, T},
title = {Porphyromonas gingivalis: Multiple Tools of an Inflammatory Damage.},
journal = {Molecular oral microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/omi.12496},
pmid = {40464669},
issn = {2041-1014},
support = {2016/22/E/NZ5/00332//National Centre of Science SONATA Bis/ ; 2021/41/N/NZ6/03762//National Centre of Science Preludium/ ; },
abstract = {Periodontitis (periodontal disease [PD]) is a complex inflammatory disease caused by a polymicrobial infection that facilitates the destruction of the connective tissue and bone that support the teeth. PD is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease, low birth weight, preterm osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main causative agent of PD, is a non-motile, asaccharolytic, Gram-negative bacterium identified in subgingival, supragingival, and tongue sites in patients. P. gingivalis produces an arsenal of virulence factors, which include fimbriae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), gingipains and other proteases, P. gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD), and others. Recently, a number of reports highlighted novel aspects of P. gingivalis virulence. LPS signaling via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was elucidated; outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were implicated as the shuttle for inflammatory induction and neurotoxicity, and gingipains were found to disrupt the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Further, Tpr protease substrate specificity was described in detail, a novel variant of PPAD was identified and correlated with the aggressive disease, and the role of C-terminal domain as the substrate for the Type IX secretion system (T9SS) transport has been unveiled, together with the identification of the first T9SS inhibitors. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the novel research, expanding our understanding of the P. gingivalis correlation with viral infections. These recent findings implicate the need to update the current knowledge of the P. gingivalis virulence factors and provide a comprehensive review of the current trends in P. gingivalis research.},
}

@article {pmid40464430,
year = {2025},
author = {Alalawi, RA and Khriji, SA and Ambusaidi, MA and Al-Saadi, T},
title = {Reviewed Article: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis.},
journal = {The Gulf journal of oncology},
volume = {1},
number = {47},
pages = {14-23},
pmid = {40464430},
issn = {2078-2101},
mesh = {Humans ; *Radiosurgery/methods ; *Brain Neoplasms/secondary/radiotherapy/surgery ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brain metastases pose a significant challenge in oncology, contributing to morbidity and mortality rates. These metastases originates from primary tumors in the breast, lung, and melanoma tumors and has promoted the exploration of several treatment modalities, including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). SRS is considered to be one of the most effective treatments for brain metastases due to its precision in delivering high doses of radiation with low damage to the surrounding tissues.

METHOD: A search of Scopus database was conducted using key terms like "stereotactic," "radiosurgery," "brain metastasis," and "SRS". Relevant articles were screened based on title, abstract, and full text. The top 100 articles, ranked by citation frequency, were included, and analysed for various details including title, first author, publication year, journal name, journal impact factor, country of first author, country of study, first author institution, corresponding author institution, study design, patient involvement, number of patients studied, primary aim, source of metastasis, and study conclusion.

RESULTS: The top 100 cited articles on SRS for brain metastases were identified, with an average citation of 149 citations per article. The study found that the USA, followed by Japan and Switzerland, produced the highest number of publications on stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis. The University of Pittsburgh was the leading institution in the USA. The analysis showed an increasing trend in publications from 2007 to 2017, with a peak in 2010, followed by a decline, potentially influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSION: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment for brain metastases, delivering precise high-dose radiation with rapid dose fall-off. This study revealed that the USA, particularly the University of Pittsburgh, has produced the most publications on this topic. This information can help clinicians and researchers identify valuable articles and journals related to SRS.},
}

Humans
*Radiosurgery/methods
*Brain Neoplasms/secondary/radiotherapy/surgery

@article {pmid40462760,
year = {2025},
author = {Fisman, D and Pérez-Rubio, A and Postma, M and Smith, DS and Mould-Quevedo, J},
title = {Maintaining the value of influenza vaccination - the shift from quadrivalent to trivalent vaccines: an expert review.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2025.2515597},
pmid = {40462760},
issn = {1744-8395},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This review provides an expert perspective on the sustained value of seasonal influenza vaccines as they transition from quadrivalent to trivalent formulations, based on apparent elimination of the B/Yamagata strain from circulation and subsequent advice from the World Health Organization (WHO) to remove the B/Yamagata antigen from influenza vaccines. Influenza has a high clinical and economic burden globally. However, coronavirus disease 2019 has created new challenges for managing seasonal influenza by amplifying vaccine hesitancy. Understanding why influenza virus circulation is monitored and vaccines subsequently updated is important for all relevant stakeholders to maintain confidence in the value of seasonal influenza vaccination.

AREAS COVERED: Discussion is provided on the dynamic nature of communicable diseases, influenza virus monitoring and WHO vaccine composition guidance, and maintaining the value of influenza vaccination to individuals, society, and healthcare systems.

EXPERT OPINION: The move from quadrivalent to trivalent influenza vaccines is a result of findings from strain surveillance. Continued surveillance and targeting of vaccines against strains most commonly in circulation to keep effectiveness high, and ensure the highest value of vaccination is vital to prevent influenza infection and severe illness, thus reducing pressure on healthcare systems and reducing the economic impact of influenza outbreaks.},
}