@article {pmid40592834,
year = {2025},
author = {Himmels, JPW and Magnusson, K and Brurberg, KG},
title = {Systematic review of post-COVID condition in Nordic population-based registry studies.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {5717},
pmid = {40592834},
issn = {2041-1723},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications ; *Registries ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Incidence ; Fatigue/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The long-term effects of COVID-19, known as post-COVID condition (PCC), are still not fully understood. This systematic review synthesizes findings from Nordic registry studies to highlight long-term outcomes after COVID-19 infection. Twenty-two studies, primarily reflecting the pre-omicron and early vaccination phases, reveal increased primary care use for respiratory issues and fatigue in the sub-acute and chronic phases, with PCC incidence estimated below 2% in the general population. Most individuals returned to work within three months post-infection, and the risk of new neurological or mental disorders did not exceed that in patients with other infections. The review demonstrates the value of high-quality Nordic health registries in capturing reliable, population-wide data, though generalizability may be limited to similar healthcare systems. Findings suggest the need for targeted follow-up in patients with severe COVID-19, particularly those requiring intensive care, to manage potential new-onset diseases and guide resource allocation in the pandemic's endemic phase.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/complications
*Registries
Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Incidence
Fatigue/epidemiology

@article {pmid40592802,
year = {2025},
author = {Jiang, X and Sun, Q and Huang, Y and Deng, Y and Li, C},
title = {Inactivated Mycobacterial Vaccine Nebulized Inhalation: A Effective Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases?.},
journal = {The clinical respiratory journal},
volume = {19},
number = {7},
pages = {e70101},
doi = {10.1111/crj.70101},
pmid = {40592802},
issn = {1752-699X},
support = {82360024//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Administration, Inhalation ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Nebulized inhalation therapy is an important method in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, and inactivated mycobacterial vaccine nebulized inhalation has received a wide attention recently, but the roles and mechanisms are still not fully understood. A literature search showed there is a strong scientific rationale and evidence that nebulized inhalation of inactivated mycobacterial vaccine is effective in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. Clinically available mycobacterial vaccines include Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei), BCG, and Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae). Nebulized inhalation of inactivated mycobacterial vaccine, especially M. vaccae, has been used in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, such as asthma, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and sepsis. It acts on the respiratory tract directly, thus stimulating the body to produce an immune response, enhance respiratory immunity, and achieve prevention and treatment effects. Nebulized inhalation of inactivated mycobacterial vaccine will be an effective therapy in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases.},
}

Humans
Administration, Inhalation
Nebulizers and Vaporizers
Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
COVID-19/prevention & control

@article {pmid40592216,
year = {2025},
author = {van der Drift, AR and Welling, A and Arntzen, V and Nagelkerke, E and van der Beek, RFHJ and de Roda Husman, AM},
title = {Wastewater surveillance studies on pathogens and their use in public health decision-making: a scoping review.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {993},
number = {},
pages = {179982},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179982},
pmid = {40592216},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {This study provides a comprehensive overview of wastewater surveillance studies on pathogens, identifies key characteristics of studies that are associated with public health actions, and highlights the actions resulting from these studies. Many studies refer to the value of wastewater surveillance in public health decision-making, but it remains unclear how many studies support public health action and whether this is incorporated into study designs. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines and used the machine learning tool ASReview to identify wastewater surveillance studies monitoring pathogen circulation in human populations, followed by correlational analyses. A total of 974 studies were included, of which only 84 described public health action. Merely 28 of these incorporated strategies to facilitate action within their study designs. Studies leading to public health action primarily monitored viruses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 and poliovirus, and since 2024 also influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis A virus and mpox virus. Furthermore, studies conducted by public health institutes or targeting non-standard locations are more likely to result in action, whereas those with larger population sizes or focusing on residential areas are less likely to result in action. The most common public health actions included informing health authorities and identifying cases. Our findings highlight the value of learning from existing use cases. While wastewater surveillance can support public health actions, evidence of its use is limited. Future studies should improve study designs by, e.g., incorporating strategies for public health actions to maximize their effectiveness and impact on decision-making.},
}

@article {pmid40591679,
year = {2025},
author = {Masquelet, AC},
title = {Misconduct in science and medicine.},
journal = {EFORT open reviews},
volume = {10},
number = {7},
pages = {439-444},
doi = {10.1530/EOR-2025-0126},
pmid = {40591679},
issn = {2058-5241},
}

@article {pmid40591029,
year = {2025},
author = {Mukherjee, A and Roy, D and Chakravarty, A},
title = {Uncommon Non-MS Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System.},
journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {45},
pmid = {40591029},
issn = {1534-6293},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neuromyelitis Optica/diagnosis/immunology ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; *Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/diagnosis ; Autoantibodies ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Definitive diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) requires exclusion of other central nervous system (CNS) disorders sharing similar clinical, pathological and radiological features. In this review we discuss some relatively uncommon disorders with special emphasis on their differentiation from MS clinically and radiologically. While most conditions have a demyelinating pathology, a few very important mimics may have a non-demyelinating pathology to merit some discussion.

RECENT FINDINGS: Two major areas of diagnostic advances have been made in recent times, the recognition of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and the myelin oligodendrocyte antibody mediated disorder (MOGAD). These two entities are mediated by completely different antibodies detectable in peripheral blood samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or cell-based assays and produce clinical disorders could be differentiated from MS by their clinical features, disease course, prognosis, and imaging features. NMOSD is a rare CNS autoimmune disease that predominantly targets the spinal cord, optic nerves and brainstem. In sixty to eighty% of cases of NMOSD, optic neuritis (ON) and/or longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) result in blindness and paralysis. In NMOSD these are associated with a serological antibody to aquaporin-4 (AQP4). AQP4 is a water channel protein found in many organs, but in the CNS, AQP4 is expressed in a perivascular distribution on astrocytic foot processes around blood vessels and the glia limitans (glymphatic). Comparative studies of AQP4-seropositive and AQP4- seronegative NMOSD cohorts note that some of the seronegative NMOSD cases tend to differ from the seropositive cases in several aspects: bilateral optic neuritis, simultaneous optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, younger age at onset, and an apparently monophasic course. This prompted search for putative antibodies other than AQP4. MOG antibody disease is a CNS autoimmune disease associated with a serological antibody against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MDG). MOG is a glycoprotein expressed on the outer membrane of myelin and solely found within the CNS, including the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord. Clinically, the disease resembles NMOSD in its predilection for relapses of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. In addition, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a well-recognized phenotype of MOG antibody disease in children. About 42% of NMOSD patients who test seronegative for the AQP4 antibody test positive for MOG antibodies. MOG antibody disease has thus recently emerged as a distinct entity in a sizable portion of the patient population diagnosed with NMOSD or even MS. The second field where significant progress has been made is the recently modified McDonald criteria proposed at the ECTRIMS (European Committee (2024) for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis) which includes three new features - the central vein sign (CVS) and the paramagnetic ring lesions (PRL), along with CSF kappa free light chains (kFLC). The CVS refers to a blood vessel in the middle of MS lesions, visible on MRI. The PRL refers to rings of iron around the edges of active MS lesions, also detectable by MRI. Lastly, kFLC are molecules produced by white blood cells, now considered a diagnostic biomarker equivalent to CSF oligoclonal bands. This new criterion refines doing an MRI mandatory for making a diagnosis of MS. The list of non-MS demyelinating disorders of the CNS is vast. Most of the conditions are immunologically mediated. In the present review, diagnosis and management of NMOSD and MOGAD are discussed, along with a brief discussion on ADEM. Stress has been given also to some rarer conditions like antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS), and Susac syndrome, which can mimic MS. The auto inflammatory syndromes, a newly described group of conditions, which are being increasingly recognized as conditions which can cause systemic as well as neurological disease, are briefly discussed. There is aberrant activation of the innate immune system, as against autoimmune diseases where the adaptive immune system is involved. Non-immune mediated conditions can also cause or mimic demyelination. The causes include drugs, toxins, infections, and neoplastic conditions. CNS lymphomas, both primary and secondary, may mimic MS plaques. Infections including bacterial, viral and parasitic, may also produce white matter signal abnormalities mimicking MS. COVID 19 related CNS lesions and PML are also discussed. The ready availability of genetic testing, including whole exome sequencing, have resulted in expansion of the phenotypic spectrum of leukodystrophies, and in some cases of atypical MS the diagnosis is being revised to some form of leukodystrophy. The types of leukodystrophy which can mimic MS have been discussed. Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions (LECL) can occur in demyelinating (LETM) as well as other conditions, and are extremely important to differentiate from each other, so that appropriate management can be provided. Lastly commonly encountered vascular lesions like lacunes resulting from lipohyalinosis may also mimic MS plaques and in this category more extensive lesion like in CADASIL, an autosomal dominant disorder with a specific genetic marker, needs differentiation.},
}

Humans
*Neuromyelitis Optica/diagnosis/immunology
Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
*Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/diagnosis
Autoantibodies

@article {pmid40590391,
year = {2025},
author = {Dou, A and Xu, J and Zhou, C},
title = {The relationship between HERVs and exogenous viral infections: A focus on the value of HERVs in disease prediction and treatment.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {2523888},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2025.2523888},
pmid = {40590391},
issn = {2150-5608},
mesh = {Humans ; *Virus Diseases/virology/therapy ; *Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics/physiology ; COVID-19/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Multiple Sclerosis/virology ; Biomarkers ; },
abstract = {Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are virus-related sequences that are a normal part of the human genome; they account for about 8% of the human genome. Reactivation of these ancestral proviral sequences can lead to the generation of functional products. Several reactivated HERVs are associated with cancer and autoimmune diseases. Emerging research suggests that reactivated HERVs may play a significant role in the development of viral diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as in neuroinflammatory diseases possibly triggered by viral factors, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies exploring the relationship between HERVs and exogenous viral infections have the potential to offer a fresh perspective on developing treatment and prevention strategies for exogenous viral infections. The mechanism of the transactivation of HERVs caused by exogenous viral infection, as well as the contribution of HERVs to viral diseases or diseases triggered by viral factors, deserve further research. Here, we review the relationship between exogenous viruses and HERVs in several common diseases caused or triggered by viral infections, with a focus on the value of HERVs as biomarkers for forecasting disease advancement or prognosis and as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.},
}

Humans
*Virus Diseases/virology/therapy
*Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics/physiology
COVID-19/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Multiple Sclerosis/virology
Biomarkers

@article {pmid40590260,
year = {2025},
author = {Sampson, AT and Hlaváč, M and Gillman, ACT and Douradinha, B and Gilbert, SC},
title = {Developing the next-generation of adenoviral vector vaccines.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {2514356},
doi = {10.1080/21645515.2025.2514356},
pmid = {40590260},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Genetic Vectors/immunology/genetics ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/genetics/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *Adenoviridae/genetics/immunology ; *Vaccine Development/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic saw the first extensive use of adenoviral vector vaccines, with over 3 billion doses produced during the first year of the pandemic alone and an estimated 6 million lives saved. These vaccines were safe and effective, and could be produced at low cost in several continents allowing widespread use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite their successful deployment against SARS-CoV-2, their impact has been overshadowed by relatively lower immunogenicity in contrast to mRNA vaccine technologies and very rare but serious adverse events such as vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopaenia (VITT). The next-generation of adenoviral vector vaccines must address these challenges: here, we explore strategies to improve immunogenicity and safety by novel serotype selection, vector engineering, capsid modification and new delivery technologies, and discuss opportunities for next-generation adenoviral vectors against infectious disease and cancer.},
}

Humans
*Genetic Vectors/immunology/genetics
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/genetics/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*Adenoviridae/genetics/immunology
*Vaccine Development/methods
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Immunogenicity, Vaccine

@article {pmid40589858,
year = {2025},
author = {Saikarthik, J and Saraswathi, I and Padhi, BK and Shamim, MA and Alzerwi, N and Alarifi, A and Gandhi, AP},
title = {Structural and functional neuroimaging of hippocampus to study adult neurogenesis in long COVID-19 patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms: a scoping review.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e19575},
pmid = {40589858},
issn = {2167-8359},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology ; *Hippocampus/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/pathology ; *Neurogenesis/physiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Adult ; *Functional Neuroimaging ; *Mental Disorders/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology ; Neuroimaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Worsening of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders occurs in COVID-19. Impaired adult neurogenesis is linked to most of the neuropsychiatric symptoms and disorders.

AIM: The current scoping review identified and mapped the available evidence on adult neurogenesis in long COVID-19, at a global level following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and followed the framework by Arksey and O'Malley.

METHOD: Original studies focusing on structural and functional neuroimaging of the hippocampus to study adult neurogenesis in long COVID-19 were included in the review. Studies published in English language with no restriction on the time of publication were searched using the specified search strategy in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and SCOPUS. Articles obtained from the database search were collated and uploaded into the Nested Knowledge AutoLit semi-automated systematic review platform for data extraction.

RESULTS: The current review provides evidence of the potential alterations in adult neurogenesis in long COVID-19 and its potential link to neuropsychiatric sequelae of long COVID-19, with further research required to validate this assertion.

CONCLUSION: This review proposes conceptual and methodological approaches for future investigations to address existing limitations and elucidate the precise role of adult neurogenesis in the pathophysiology and treatment of long COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
*Hippocampus/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/pathology
*Neurogenesis/physiology
SARS-CoV-2
Adult
*Functional Neuroimaging
*Mental Disorders/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
Neuroimaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

@article {pmid40534528,
year = {2025},
author = {Ertural, B and Çiçek, BN and Kurnaz, IA},
title = {RNA Therapeutics: Focus on Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Nervous System.},
journal = {Biomolecules & therapeutics},
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {572-581},
doi = {10.4062/biomolther.2025.022},
pmid = {40534528},
issn = {1976-9148},
abstract = {RNA therapeutics represent a disruptive technology that has transformed drug discovery and manufacturing, gaining significant prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic. RNA therapeutics encompass diverse molecules like antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), RNA aptamers, and messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which can function through different mechanisms. RNA therapeutics are increasingly used to treat various diseases, including neurological disorders. For example, ASO therapies such as nusinersen for spinal muscular atrophy and eteplirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy are successful applications of RNA-based treatment. Emerging ASO treatments for Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are also promising, with ongoing clinical trials demonstrating significant reductions in disease-associated proteins. Still, delivery of these molecules remains a pivotal challenge in RNA therapeutics, especially for ASOs in penetrating the blood-brain barrier to target neurological disorders effectively. Nanoparticle-based formulations have emerged as leading strategies to enhance RNA stability, reduce immunogenicity, and improve cellular uptake. Despite these advances, significant hurdles remain, including optimizing pharmacokinetics, minimizing off-target effects, and ensuring sustained therapeutic efficacy. Regulatory frameworks are evolving to accommodate the unique challenges of RNA-based therapies, including ASOs with efforts underway to establish comprehensive guidelines for RNA therapeutics, yet there are also sustainable manufacturing issues that need to be considered for long-term feasibility. By addressing these challenges, RNA therapeutics hold immense potential to revolutionize treatment paradigms for neurological disorders. Looking forward, the future of RNA therapeutics in neurology appears promising but requires continued interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation.},
}

@article {pmid40215617,
year = {2025},
author = {Srinivasan, S and Patel, S and Hassan, T and Venkatesh, P and Farid, M and Guirguis, M and Hall, K and Barrie, U and Tamimi, MA and Bagley, CA and Aoun, SG},
title = {Lessons from the pandemic: a retrospective study and literature comparative review of provider and patient experiences with telemedicine in spine care.},
journal = {Journal of neurosurgery. Spine},
volume = {43},
number = {1},
pages = {122-137},
doi = {10.3171/2025.1.SPINE24959},
pmid = {40215617},
issn = {1547-5646},
mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; *Patient Satisfaction ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; *Spinal Diseases/surgery ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Aged ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Telemedicine use for patient care in spine surgery drastically increased after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors aimed to examine factors influencing telemedicine utilization during this period by comparing perspectives from patients and spine surgeons to better guide the use of telehealth beyond the pandemic.

METHODS: Between June 2021 and December 2021, a survey was administered to spine care patients receiving virtual visits at a single multidisciplinary spine center to assess their telemedicine experience, including visit quality, overall communication, and technical challenges. Furthermore, a systematic review using the PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Web of Science databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify survey studies of spine surgeons and patients assessing telemedicine experiences.

RESULTS: A total of 407 patients were included in our survey; 65.6% were female, and 82.8% were at least 55 years of age. Most patients were White (86.2%) and had at least a bachelor's degree (81.6%). The majority of respondents (96.8%) reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their telemedicine visits. Explanations at the end of visit (p < 0.001), time spent during the visit (p < 0.001), and absence of technical issues (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with increased patient satisfaction. Barriers to access such as education level, age, or race were not significantly associated with patient satisfaction (p > 0.05). The authors also performed a systematic review that identified 10 studies on patient attitudes toward telemedicine with 3569 respondents in North America and 10 surveys of spine surgeons with 3043 respondents internationally. Most telemedicine visits were pre- or postoperative (56.3%, 1914/3399; range 42%-95%), and the majority of patients reported traveling less than 25 miles for in-person visits (63.3%, 815/1287; range 57%-68%). Nine patient studies revealed a high patient satisfaction level with telemedicine (79.7%, 2248/2821; range 36%-93%). The virtual physical examination was of greater concern for surgeons (48.6%, 433/891; range 10%-91%) than for patients (15.5%, 156/1007; range 2%-74%).

CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the high level of patient satisfaction with telemedicine in spine care, emphasizing factors including clear explanations, sufficient time during visits, and minimal technical issues. Despite concerns about the virtual physical examination, especially among surgeons, telemedicine was effectively utilized for pre- and postoperative care. Telemedicine can continue to play a valuable role in spine care beyond the pandemic, provided that technical challenges are addressed, and communication remains clear and thorough.},
}

Humans
*Telemedicine
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Retrospective Studies
Female
*Patient Satisfaction
Male
Middle Aged
Adult
*Spinal Diseases/surgery
Surveys and Questionnaires
Aged
Pandemics

@article {pmid40589473,
year = {2025},
author = {Amoako, K and Mokhammad, A and Malik, A and Yesudasan, S and Wheba, A and Olagunju, O and Gu, SX and Yarovinsky, T and Faustino, EVS and Nguyen, J and Hwa, J},
title = {Enhancing nucleic acid delivery by the integration of artificial intelligence into lipid nanoparticle formulation.},
journal = {Frontiers in medical technology},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1591119},
doi = {10.3389/fmedt.2025.1591119},
pmid = {40589473},
issn = {2673-3129},
abstract = {The advent of messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics has revolutionized medicine, with its potential underscored by rapid advancements during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its promise, nucleic acid delivery remains a formidable challenge due to enzymatic degradation, cellular uptake barriers, and endosomal trapping. Therapeutic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), pioneered in the 1970s, have emerged as the gold standard for delivering mRNA and other nucleic acids, offering unparalleled advantages in stability, biocompatibility, and cellular targeting. This review explores the evolution and design of LNPs, focusing on their role in hematologic therapies and platelet transfection, where unique challenges arise due to platelets' anucleate nature. The paper systematically evaluates the composition of LNPs, highlighting the role of ionizable, cationic, and neutral lipids in optimizing delivery efficiency, stability, and immune response modulation. Strategies to overcome platelet transfection barriers, including tailored lipid compositions and particle engineering, are discussed alongside advances in artificial intelligence (AI) for predictive nanoparticle design. Furthermore, it examines various nucleic acid cargoes, including mRNA, siRNA, and miRNA, and their therapeutic potential in addressing platelet-related disorders and advancing personalized medicine. Finally, the review delves into emerging technologies and the integration of AI to overcome existing barriers in nucleic acid delivery. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, this work aims to catalyze discoveries in LNP-based therapeutics and transformative advancements in hematologic treatments.},
}

@article {pmid40589323,
year = {2025},
author = {Preece, MV and Pathak, DV and Laffan, M and Arachchillage, DJ},
title = {Anti-PF4 disorders: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.},
journal = {British journal of haematology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/bjh.20216},
pmid = {40589323},
issn = {1365-2141},
support = {MR/Z505274/1//Medical Research Council UK/ ; },
abstract = {Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a cationic protein, able to form complexes with negatively charged molecules upon its self-assembly into PF4 tetramers. The targeting of these PF4 complexes by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies underlies anti-PF4 disorders such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT)/VITT-like disorders. The formation of IgG/PF4 immune complexes facilitates uncontrolled activation of platelets, neutrophils and monocytes, via IgG-mediated Fcγ receptor binding. This promotes the thrombocytopenia and thrombosis characteristic of anti-PF4 disorders. HIT is predominantly triggered by heparin exposure. VITT is a recently recognised anti-PF4 disorder, which developed following specific SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. It is thought that hexon proteins, components of adenoviral vectors, may form complexes with PF4 to trigger anti-PF4 antibody production in VITT. A novel anti-PF4 disorder has been recognised causing platelet activation without the administration of heparin or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and referred to as 'VITT-like disorder.' Clinical evaluation of HIT and VITT/VITT-like disorders is based on thrombotic events, platelet counts and D-dimer levels. Laboratory assays such as heparin/PF4-induced platelet activation assays can be used to distinguish between HIT and VITT. Treatment plans for HIT and VITT may differ across patient groups. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of anti-PF4 disorders.},
}

@article {pmid40589078,
year = {2025},
author = {Persson, C},
title = {Well-Controlled Mucosal Exudation of Undiluted Plasma Proteins Serves Innate and Adaptive Immunity.},
journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology},
volume = {102},
number = {1},
pages = {e70041},
doi = {10.1111/sji.70041},
pmid = {40589078},
issn = {1365-3083},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Innate/immunology ; *Adaptive Immunity/immunology ; *Respiratory Mucosa/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Blood Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Animals ; Immunity, Mucosal ; },
abstract = {Distinct from the pulmonary circulation, the human respiratory mucosa is supplied by highly responsive, superficial, systemic microcirculations. In the early symptomatic phase of mucosal infections, circulating peptides-proteins of all sizes are released just beneath the epithelium and will soon appear on the mucosal surface. The traditional view is that mucosal injury must be involved in this plasma exudation process. However, well-controlled human in vivo observations demonstrate that the inflammatory plasma exudation response reflects non-injurious physiologic microvascular-epithelial cooperation. Crucially, although plasma exudation brings unfiltered plasma solutes without size restriction to the mucosal surface this occurs without reducing the protective epithelial barrier against inhaled molecules. Plasma exudation starts early and increases until viral or bacterial infections resolve. Plasma exudation therefore has the potential to slow down, or even prevent, progression to pneumonia and beyond. Plasma exudation would boost efficacy of a mature adaptive immunity by delivering circulating pathogen-neutralising antibodies undiluted to infection spots in the upper airways. Early mucosal infections would thus be dampened and development of lower airway infections prevented. Inferentially, this explains how treatment with vaccines still allows upper airway infections but prevent severe respiratory disease with alveolar and pulmonary circulation injury. Plasma exudation may also contribute to real-life protection against severe influenza/Covid-19 in airway mucosal diseases that exhibit plasma exudation hyperresponsiveness. Such hyperresponsiveness is inducible indicating feasibility of finding future treatments that increase the mucosal innate and adaptive immunity. Altogether, the present synthesis of literature suggests that plasma exudation is an important component of human respiratory mucosal antimicrobial immunity.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Innate/immunology
*Adaptive Immunity/immunology
*Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
*Blood Proteins/immunology/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Animals
Immunity, Mucosal

@article {pmid40588967,
year = {2025},
author = {Olanrewaju, ZO and Faisal, M and Randell, R},
title = {Electronic Record Systems in Intensive Care Units During Covid-19: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Studies in health technology and informatics},
volume = {328},
number = {},
pages = {459-463},
doi = {10.3233/SHTI250761},
pmid = {40588967},
issn = {1879-8365},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy ; *Intensive Care Units/organization & administration ; Humans ; *Electronic Health Records/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The Covid-19 pandemic underscored the critical function of advanced healthcare technologies, particularly Electronic Patient Records (EPRs), which were already embedded in numerous healthcare systems. This scoping review examines the role and impact of EPRs in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during the pandemic. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of major databases was undertaken, complemented by stakeholder consultation to enhance rigour and relevance. The findings demonstrated that EPR adoption in ICUs contributed to improved patient safety, enhanced workflow efficiency, and more timely clinical decision-making. Nonetheless, several limitations were evident across the reviewed studies, including short implementation timelines, limited sample sizes, and persistent software integration challenges. To optimise the utility of EPRs in critical care, future research should prioritise longitudinal studies, broader cohort inclusion, and strengthened digital infrastructure.},
}

*COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy
*Intensive Care Units/organization & administration
Humans
*Electronic Health Records/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid40588397,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, AW and Trigg, K and Zhang, A and Alexander, GC and Haut, ER and Rock, C and McDonald, K and Padula, W and Fisseha, S and Duncan, R and Black, J and Newman-Toker, DE and Papieva, I and Dhingra-Kumar, N and Wilson, RF},
title = {Interventions to improve patient safety during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.},
journal = {BMJ open quality},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjoq-2024-003076},
pmid = {40588397},
issn = {2399-6641},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Patient Safety/standards ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; Accidental Falls/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To summarise the literature on healthcare interventions to reduce harm to patients caused by the COVID-19 pandemic across six domains: medication safety, diagnostic safety, surgical safety, healthcare-associated infections, pressure injuries and falls.

METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods systematic review, with the intention to present results narratively. We combined parallel searches and expert input across each domain of interest, identifying 13 019 unique articles across the six domains. Of these, 590 full texts were assessed for eligibility. 7 were included for the medication safety domain; 7 for diagnostic safety; 32 for surgical safety; 11 for healthcare-associated infections; 5 for the pressure injuries and 2 for falls. Overall, a total of 61 unique articles were included-4 articles were represented across more than one domain.

FINDINGS: There were few rigorous evaluations of specific interventions to reduce patient harm caused by the pandemic. Adjustments in treatments, triage and procedures, and use of risk stratification tools reduced delays and permitted more elective surgery and diagnostic testing to proceed. These changes also led to improvements in medication safety practices and prevention of healthcare-associated infections.

CONCLUSION: There has been little research on interventions to reduce patient harm caused in healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions focused on preventing nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 and on permitting access to urgent surgical and diagnostic needs. A few studies tested strategies to reduce new risks imposed by the pandemic for medication safety, healthcare-associated infections, pressure injuries and falls. Development of high-reliability health systems and healthcare organisations to protect patients and health workers from harm will be essential to mitigating the impact of future pandemics within the objectives of the Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Patient Safety/standards
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Cross Infection/prevention & control
Accidental Falls/prevention & control

@article {pmid40588293,
year = {2025},
author = {Chan, JCH and Rosa Duque, JS and Durrheim, DN and Tsang, T and Lau, YL},
title = {Achieving and sustaining measles elimination in Hong Kong, from 1967 to 2024: lessons to be learnt.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2025-018973},
pmid = {40588293},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {Humans ; *Measles/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; *Disease Eradication ; *Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Vaccination Coverage ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; },
abstract = {Following the development and roll-out of the measles vaccine in 1954, measles incidence dropped to low levels in areas where measles vaccines with high coverage were introduced. The Measles and Rubella Strategic Framework 2021-2030 developed by the Measles & Rubella Initiative aims to eliminate measles globally by 2030. However, there has been a resurgence of measles cases after the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including some in the Western Pacific Region. This review describes the journey from 1967, when Hong Kong introduced a single-dose regimen, to 2024 when Hong Kong had been experiencing an increase in imported measles cases despite being verified to have achieved measles elimination in 2016. Hong Kong's experience in maintaining high vaccination coverage and comprehensive surveillance may provide an exemplary framework for other countries in the Western Pacific Region.},
}

Humans
*Measles/prevention & control/epidemiology
Hong Kong/epidemiology
*Disease Eradication
*Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
COVID-19/epidemiology
Vaccination Coverage
Immunization Programs
Incidence

@article {pmid40588168,
year = {2025},
author = {Porto Fuentes, Ó and Muela Molinero, A and Alonso Ortiz, MB},
title = {Vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): scientific evidence and strategies to reduce risks.},
journal = {Revista clinica espanola},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {502330},
doi = {10.1016/j.rceng.2025.502330},
pmid = {40588168},
issn = {2254-8874},
abstract = {Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more vulnerable to infections that may favor disease progression. Vaccination in COPD is an effective intervention that helps reduce infectious exacerbations, as well as associated morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the use of new vaccines has become widespread, not only targeting specific infections but also contributing to long-lasting immunity and slowing the process of immune aging (immunosenescence). Current clinical practice guidelines recommend the administration of six vaccines (against Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, Bordetella pertussis, and varicella-zoster virus) for all COPD patients. However, vaccination rates in many countries still fall short of the established targets. Therefore, it is crucial to design a specific vaccination schedule tailored for COPD patients.},
}

@article {pmid40587997,
year = {2025},
author = {Schwalbe, N and Lehtimaki, S and Hannon, E},
title = {The pandemic treaty: A forensic review of process and pitfalls.},
journal = {Global public health},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {2522916},
doi = {10.1080/17441692.2025.2522916},
pmid = {40587997},
issn = {1744-1706},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Global Health ; World Health Organization ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; *International Cooperation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Politics ; },
abstract = {This article examines efforts to develop a pandemic treaty through World Health Organization member state agreement from 2021 to 2025, focusing on challenges during the process. The COVID-19 pandemic showed the critical need for strong global agreements to prepare for and respond to health crises, with relevance for policymakers and researchers. Drawing on observations as invited stakeholders, relevant literature, official documents, and reports from other stakeholders, we identify key patterns, themes, and challenges, particularly the competing priorities of countries and difficulties in reaching consensus. Barriers that slowed progress include uneven political commitment, lack of transparency, and exclusion of key stakeholders, which hindered agreements and limited the treaty's potential to address global health threats. Our analysis highlights practical steps for future negotiations, including stronger political engagement, better coordination, greater transparency, and ensuring a broader range of voices and stakeholders are included in the process. Learning from these lessons will be critical for improving global pandemic preparedness and addressing future health challenges.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Global Health
World Health Organization
*Pandemics/prevention & control
*International Cooperation
SARS-CoV-2
Politics

@article {pmid40587939,
year = {2025},
author = {Ebo, TO and Olawade, DB and Ebo, DM and Egbon, E and Ayoola, FI},
title = {The lasting impact of COVID-19 on forensic mental health: A review of shifts in patient profiles, service delivery, and legal considerations.},
journal = {Journal of forensic and legal medicine},
volume = {114},
number = {},
pages = {102920},
doi = {10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102920},
pmid = {40587939},
issn = {1878-7487},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and lasting impact on forensic mental health, reshaping patient profiles, disrupting service delivery, and introducing new legal and ethical challenges. This narrative review examines the long-term implications of the pandemic on forensic psychiatric populations, mental health service provision, and the justice system. Evidence suggests that rates of severe mental illness, including psychosis, depression, and anxiety, have increased among forensic patients, exacerbated by isolation, stress, and reduced access to care. Additionally, substance use disorders, and co-occurring psychiatric conditions have become more prevalent, complicating treatment and rehabilitation efforts. The pandemic also accelerated the adoption of telepsychiatry in forensic settings, improving accessibility but raising concerns about the reliability of remote assessments for competency evaluations and risk assessments. Inpatient and prison-based forensic psychiatric services experienced staff shortages, increased patient aggression, and limited access to therapeutic programs, further straining the system. Court closures and legal case backlogs delayed forensic evaluations, raising human rights concerns for detained individuals. Ethical dilemmas emerged regarding involuntary hospitalization, treatment prioritization, and resource allocation. As the forensic mental health field transitions into a post-pandemic landscape, key lessons include the need for hybrid forensic assessment models, strengthened forensic infrastructure, and better integration of legal and clinical perspectives. Future research should focus on developing resilient forensic mental health policies and ensuring equitable access to care while maintaining legal and ethical standards.},
}

@article {pmid40586328,
year = {2025},
author = {Ailion, A and Helmstaedter, C and Vezzani, A and Koepp, MJ},
title = {The upside of epilepsy: Theories of an evolutionary paradox.},
journal = {Epilepsia open},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/epi4.70088},
pmid = {40586328},
issn = {2470-9239},
abstract = {The persistence of common, heritable conditions, like epilepsy, that are associated with reduced reproductive fitness is an evolutionary paradox. Endogenous analgesic, anti-depressant, and inflammatory mechanisms able to repair compromised functions can offer advantages in unexpected crises. Here, we challenge current thinking about the detrimental effects of seizures and epilepsy and suggest that (1) seizure-driven neuroplasticity might provide a protective mechanism, (2) seizure-induced neurotransmitter release not only helps to stop seizures but also increases resilience to pain, and (3) innate immune mechanisms triggered by recurrent seizures might neutralize novel viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, more rapidly, and so provided protection during the recent pandemic. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: We explore the idea that epilepsy may activate the brain's natural repair systems, despite its risks. These include brain processes that help people recover from injury, infections, and reduce pain. Understanding these less frequently discussed aspects of seizures may help researchers develop novel questions and improve treatment.},
}

@article {pmid40585898,
year = {2025},
author = {Teleanu, IC and Bejan, GC and Poiană, IR and Mîrșu-Păun, A and Dumitrescu, SI and Stănescu, AMA},
title = {Remote Monitoring of Patients with Heart Failure: Characteristics of Effective Programs and Implementation Strategies.},
journal = {Vascular health and risk management},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {489-503},
doi = {10.2147/VHRM.S521952},
pmid = {40585898},
issn = {1178-2048},
mesh = {Humans ; *Heart Failure/diagnosis/therapy/mortality/physiopathology ; *Remote Sensing Technology/instrumentation ; *Telemedicine/instrumentation ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the effectiveness of remote monitoring (RM) has been extensively studied, a focus on the post-pandemic time period is needed given the social changes and technology advances since this global event occurred.

AIM: The present paper responds to this need by reviewing post-pandemic research, to determine if RM of patients with heart failure (HF) using non-implantable devices represents an effective strategy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and PMC, and the number of articles included was 19.

RESULTS: A total of 3,031 patients participated in the 19 studies in this review, who had HF (NYHA class I-IV). Most frequent outcomes of interest were: rates of hospitalization (13 studies), death (5 studies), adherence to medications / healthy behaviors (4 studies), associated costs (4 studies), symptom intensity or frequency (3 studies), etc. The studies included in this review unanimously presented significant findings in favor of RM.

CONCLUSION: The post-pandemic research targeting RM of patients with HF presents more homogenous results to support this type of intervention, as compared to the heterogeneity of the pre-pandemic research.},
}

Humans
*Heart Failure/diagnosis/therapy/mortality/physiopathology
*Remote Sensing Technology/instrumentation
*Telemedicine/instrumentation
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Predictive Value of Tests

@article {pmid40585709,
year = {2025},
author = {Elechi, KW and Adeoye, AF and Olaniyi, AO and Akanbi, OO and Olumeko, I and Udensi, CG and Kolapo, TJ and Barrah, VU},
title = {Translational Success and Pharmacoeconomic Lessons of Pandemic-Driven Drug Repurposing.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {e85033},
doi = {10.7759/cureus.85033},
pmid = {40585709},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic spurred an unprecedented wave of drug repurposing as scientists and clinicians raced to find immediate treatment options for a novel disease. This narrative review examines how those crisis-driven repurposing efforts fared. It highlights key successes and failures in translating research into practice and assessing their pharmacoeconomic implications in high-income health systems. It also distills lessons to guide future pandemic preparedness and improve equitable global access to effective treatments. We performed a broad literature search across major databases (2020-2025) to identify studies and reports on repurposed COVID-19 therapies and health economic outcomes. While repurposing accelerated the delivery of treatments, results were mixed: a handful of existing drugs, such as the widely available steroid dexamethasone, that reduced mortality, emerged as life-saving interventions, but many other initially promising drugs ultimately showed limited or no efficacy. Agile translational research frameworks like large adaptive trials proved critical, separating truly effective therapies from many speculative candidates. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, repurposed therapies yielded cost-effective breakthroughs and costly disappointments. High-income countries invested substantial resources in repurposed drugs. In some cases, this approach provided rapid access to evidence-based care but also led to significant spending on unproven interventions, underscoring the importance of timely evidence generation and prudent resource allocation. Disparities in access to effective therapies between wealthy and low-resource settings highlight a persistent global equity challenge. The collective experience of pandemic drug repurposing provides a pragmatic blueprint for balancing urgency with scientific rigor, economic prudence, and equity. This will ultimately guide how we might better pivot from crisis to cure in future global health emergencies.},
}

@article {pmid40584825,
year = {2025},
author = {Brandt, T and Huppert, D},
title = {The mysterious sense of smell: evolution, historical perspectives, and neurological disorders.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {1588935},
doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2025.1588935},
pmid = {40584825},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {Phylogenetically, the chemical sense of smell is the oldest of all sensory modalities in terrestrial and aquatic organisms. For most non-human species in the wild, it is essential like other senses for survival because it aids nutrition, detection of environmental threats, and mating. In contrast to other senses, olfaction holds some unique properties: vertebrates, humans, and other mammals can distinguish many thousands of different odors due to genetically determined specific odorant receptors which have a lifespan of about 1 month and then are continuously replaced by neuroneogenesis in the olfactory epithelium. From a historical perspective, fragrances and perfumes played a significant role in the most influential ancient cultures, Egypt, Greece, and China. Most important was the belief in the magic power of fragrances-which were classified as "pleasant" or "unpleasant"-for medical treatment, religious or funeral rituals, e.g., preparing the bodies of the deceased for the assumed life after death, purification and divine favor. Further perfumes were used to cover natural body odor, for personal grooming, or to offer a potential hedonic odor in sexual selection. In contemporary medicine, the potential diagnostic value of olfactory loss as a biological marker for an impending neurodegenerative disorder such as Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or estimating the inflammatory activity in Multiple Sclerosis is increasingly recognized. The regeneration of odorant receptors and inhibitory interneurons provide the basis for long-term recovery of loss of olfaction due to respiratory infections, for example in pandemics like COVID-19 or after a head trauma. Imaging disorders of olfaction disclosed clinically relevant structural changes of the brain network of olfaction and the intimate reciprocal interaction with other networks to subserve higher cortical functions such as an impressive specific odor memory, quality of life, emotion, cognition, selection of food, social interaction, stress, and depression. The latter higher olfactory functions often remain undetected by both patients and their doctors. A more intensive implementation of olfactory function and clinical testing should be considered in medical training.},
}

@article {pmid40584714,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, P and Luo, X and Wan, D and Li, Y and Su, B},
title = {Emerging trends and focus of Toll-like receptors in kidney diseases: a 20-year bibliometric analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1599196},
doi = {10.3389/fmed.2025.1599196},
pmid = {40584714},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: An increasing number of studies have explored the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and their corresponding therapeutic potential. However, there is no comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field. This study aims to investigate the hotspots and evolution of TLRs and kidney disease research over the past two decades.

METHODS: Publications from the Web of Science Core Collection database were searched and extracted on December 21, 2024 using the terms "Toll-like receptor" and "kidney disease" (and their synonyms in MeSH). CiteSpace was used to explore publications from January 1, 2000, to December 21, 2024, to visualize the contributions of countries, institutions, journals, and authors, and to detect the evolution of research focus and emerging trends in this field.

RESULTS: A total of 2,505 studies with 101,150 references were included in this study. The United States and China are the leading forces among all countries. The Egyptian Knowledge Bank is the leading institution, and Hans-Joachim Anders is considered the most influential expert in this field. PLOS One is the journal with the most publications, and Journal of Immunology is the most co-cited journal. According to the co-citation analysis, COVID-19 is the latest research hotspot. Additionally, both ischemia-reperfusion injury and diabetic nephropathy have been long-standing research hotspots and still hold significant values. Moreover, the use of TLR inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for kidney diseases is increasingly emphasized.

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a growing understanding of the crucial role of TLRs in kidney diseases over the past two decades. Future research should attach more importance to the identification of novel endogenous ligands for TLRs, which will be critical for developing TLR inhibitors as a viable therapeutic strategy.},
}

@article {pmid40584453,
year = {2025},
author = {Han, SM and Hon, PS and Na, HY and Yong, TTH and Tambyah, PA and Wen, YT},
title = {Viral non-SARS-CoV-2 etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Southeast Asia: a review and pooled analysis.},
journal = {IJID regions},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {100672},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100672},
pmid = {40584453},
issn = {2772-7076},
abstract = {Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including in Southeast Asia (SEA). While bacterial causes are well studied, viral etiologies are less characterized. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the significance of viral pneumonia, alongside ongoing concerns from zoonotic influenza, human metapneumovirus, and other outbreaks. This review identified 16 studies from SEA, encompassing 8421 CAP patients (2012-2023), describing the viral etiology of CAP. Influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human rhinovirus/enterovirus (hRV/EV) were the most frequently tested viral pathogens in 16, 13, and 12 studies, respectively. The pooled positivity rates were 9.02% (hRV/EV), 7.28% (IV), and 5.17% (RSV). While viral etiologies of CAP in SEA align with global trends, data remain limited. Enhancing microbiology capacity in SEA is essential to strengthen CAP surveillance, optimize treatment strategies, inform vaccination policies, and improve pandemic preparedness.},
}

@article {pmid40584180,
year = {2025},
author = {Romanella, A and McCall, M and Corwin, R and Faruq, AA and Lingo, E and Bhambhani, S and Hammond, CJ and Balin, BJ},
title = {Infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.},
journal = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1587782},
doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2025.1587782},
pmid = {40584180},
issn = {1663-4365},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world, but our understanding of causation is still lacking. A current evidence-based hypothesis proposes that certain infectious agents initiate the neurodegeneration consistent with AD. Two infectious agents correlated to AD pathogenesis are Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), a respiratory obligate intracellular bacterium, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Both organisms may predispose susceptible populations to disease manifestations, such as AD.

METHODS: This review focused on peer-reviewed original research and review articles evaluating the potential association of Cpn and SARS-CoV-2 with AD. Our focus included: genetic risk with expression of APOEε4 and other biomarkers common to AD including interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and structural/functional aspects of the infectious processes and resultant neuroinflammation.

RESULTS: Both Cpn and SARS-CoV-2 may infect the neuroepithelium of the olfactory system to enter the brain. Cpn binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans for entry into mucosal cells. SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelia after binding to ACE2 receptors. Once inside the neuroepithelium, the pathogens may traffic to the olfactory bulbs. NRP1, an abundant receptor in AD, also potentiates SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, both pathogens may enter the systemic circulation for eventual entry through the blood brain barrier. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, in conjunction with CCL2, co-stimulates macrophages, resulting in IL-6 cytokine release. Likewise, Cpn infection leads to an increase of CCL2 and IL-6 cytokine release. The primary infection of either organism may lead to chronically elevated levels of IL-6 and secondary infection(s). Additionally, host APOEε4 expression appears to increase susceptibility to Cpn and SARS-CoV-2 infections.

DISCUSSION: Cpn and SARS-CoV-2 may enter the brain through olfactory neuroepithelial cells and/or through the blood brain barrier. SARS-CoV-2 utilizes specific receptors for infection, while Cpn utilizes binding of proteoglycans. Neuroinflammation may be an outcome of infection with one or both organisms as observed by increased levels of CCL2 and IL-6 leading to AD pathogenesis. Genetic risk is noted for infection with both organisms with expression of APOEε4. Ongoing and future studies will further dissect mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Cpn as they may inform on causation and diagnostic factors for AD.},
}

@article {pmid40584171,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghosh, S and Kumar, S and Verma, R and Ansari, S and Chatterjee, S and Surjit, M},
title = {Emerging RNA-centric technologies to probe RNA-protein interactions: importance in decoding the life cycle of positive sense single strand RNA viruses and antiviral discovery.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1580337},
doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2025.1580337},
pmid = {40584171},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *RNA, Viral/metabolism/genetics ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Discovery/methods ; *Viral Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Positive-Strand RNA Viruses/drug effects/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; },
abstract = {Positive sense single strand RNA (+ssRNA) viruses are one of the evolutionary successful organisms and many of them pose a significant threat to human health. Diseases caused by +ssRNA viruses such as COVID-19, Flu and acute viral hepatitis are major public health concern worldwide. Therefore, a lot of research is focused at decoding the life cycle of +ssRNA viruses and develop specific antiviral therapeutics against them. Interaction of the viral RNA with virus-encoded proteins and host proteins drives the lifecycle and pathogenesis of +ssRNA viruses. Recent developments in computational and high-throughput omics-based experimental technologies offer the sensitivity and specificity for molecular characterization of these RNA-protein complexes. These are promising tools to revolutionize the field of +ssRNA virus research and pave the way for antiviral discovery. This review summarizes the current scientific resources available to characterize the RNA-protein interactome of +ssRNA viruses and provides an overview of the drug discovery pipeline for developing antivirals against pathogenic +ssRNA viruses.},
}

Humans
*RNA, Viral/metabolism/genetics
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
Drug Discovery/methods
*Viral Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Positive-Strand RNA Viruses/drug effects/genetics/physiology/metabolism
*RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
Host-Pathogen Interactions

@article {pmid40584095,
year = {2025},
author = {Petakh, P and Kamyshna, I and Halabitska, I and Kamyshnyi, O},
title = {Effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.},
journal = {Frontiers in nutrition},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1559471},
doi = {10.3389/fnut.2025.1559471},
pmid = {40584095},
issn = {2296-861X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is suggested as a supportive therapy to reduce the severity of COVID-19 due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effect on critical outcomes, such as ICU admissions and mortality, shows significant variation across randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the influence of vitamin D supplementation on ICU admissions and mortality among COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: Overall, 21 eligible studies were retrieved using a comprehensive search from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. A citation matrix was developed, revealing a Corrected Covered Area (CCA) of 0.54, indicating moderate overlap. Fixed-effects models were applied to data with low heterogeneity (ICU admissions: Q = 10.87, p = 0.33), while random-effects models were used for mortality outcomes (Q = 27.23, p = 0.006). Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) quantified the overall effects.

RESULTS: Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a significant 38% reduction in ICU admissions (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.54-0.71) and a 33% reduction in mortality risk (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.56-0.79). The benefit was pronounced in vitamin D-deficient populations, although heterogeneity in mortality outcomes highlighted variability across studies.

CONCLUSION: While these findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may help reduce ICU admissions and mortality among COVID-19 patients-particularly in those with vitamin D deficiency-the results should be interpreted with caution. The observed variability and potential confounding factors underscore the need for further large-scale, randomized controlled trials with standardized dosing protocols before definitive clinical recommendations can be made.},
}

@article {pmid40583757,
year = {2025},
author = {Cornwell, WK and Levine, BD and Baptiste, D and Bhave, N and Desai, S and Dineen, E and Durstenfeld, M and Edward, J and Huang, M and Jacobsen, R and Kim, JH and Spatz, E and , },
title = {Exercise Intolerance and Response to Training in Patients With Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV2 (Long COVID): A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.},
journal = {Circulation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1161/CIR.0000000000001348},
pmid = {40583757},
issn = {1524-4539},
abstract = {The postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, also known as Long COVID, may affect 10% to 25% of individuals diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. More than 100 symptoms have been reported among patients with Long COVID, but almost all patients report severe fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, shortness of breath, and reductions in exercise tolerance. Emerging data suggest that cardiovascular deconditioning plays a major role in the development of this syndrome and that reductions in functional capacity among patients with Long COVID are comparable to reductions seen among individuals with cardiovascular deconditioning resulting from bed rest. Concern has been raised about the use of exercise training as part of the management strategy for patients with Long COVID. However, exercise training appropriately tailored to the patient with cardiovascular deconditioning may be an effective strategy to facilitate improvement in symptoms. This American Heart Association scientific statement provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of mechanisms contributing to development of Long COVID and methods by which exercise training may be applied to this unique patient population to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. In addition, methods of reintroducing exercise and return to play among athletes affected by COVID-19 are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid40582622,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, K and He, W and Yu, B and Wang, JJ and Wu, J and Wang, DW},
title = {Unveiling the silent threat: COVID-19 and myocardial injury.},
journal = {Pharmacology & therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108904},
doi = {10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108904},
pmid = {40582622},
issn = {1879-016X},
abstract = {Since COVID-19 firstly appeared in 2019 December, it has been defined as an infectious disease mainly performing lung symptoms, which contracted more attention. However, more and more findings indicate myocardial injury appears in considerable proportion of COVID-19 patients (30 % - 50 %) not only but also major cause leading to the death in patients, many of whom may be even without severe respiratory symptoms. Meanwhile myocarditis after injecting vaccines has been paid more attention to globally which always performs uncontrollable inflammation and lead to death. Now myocardial injury has been a main complication in patients with long COVID-19, which is worthy of attention. Furthermore, myocardial injury or myocarditis is detectable and treatable. In order to abstract attention to myocardial injury associated with COVID-19 and provide more evidence and experience for patients who still suffer myocardial injury from COVID-19 vaccines or long COVID-19, the review comprehensively summarized previous researches from pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment and emphasized the crucial role of RASS inhibitors especially ARBs.},
}

@article {pmid40581875,
year = {2025},
author = {Prentice, S and Dorstyn, DS and Massy-Westropp, N and Benson, J and Elliott, T},
title = {Burnout before and during COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 48 698 trainees.},
journal = {Medical education},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/medu.15760},
pmid = {40581875},
issn = {1365-2923},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Postgraduate medical trainees exhibit elevated burnout levels. COVID-related workplace stressors created a further mental health challenge, potentially exacerbating this issue. This review compared literature on burnout levels in postgraduate medical trainees published before and after COVID, with consideration of group differences (e.g., specialty and country).

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023404618) and followed the updated PRISMA statement. Embase, Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycInfo and the Cochrane Collaborative were searched until April 2025. These results were supplemented with pearling and citation searching of included articles and previous reviews. Studies that administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI) to postgraduate medical trainees were eligible. Where studies met eligibility criteria but did not provide required data (i.e., sample size, means and standard deviations), authors were contacted to supply these data. Methodological reporting quality (QualSyst tool) and publication bias were assessed (funnel plots, trim-and-fill method), and between-group heterogeneity explored (subgroup analyses, meta-regression). Differences in burnout levels pre- and intra-COVID (i.e., before and after March 2020, respectively) were quantified using Hedges' g.

RESULTS: Of 3 930 unique studies identified, 245 were included, comprising 48 698 trainees. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout levels varied: although trainees' emotional exhaustion remained stable, reported levels of depersonalisation (from gw = 0.611 to 0.430, p = 0.045) and personal accomplishment fell (from gw = -0.348 to -0.626, p = 0.009). Specialty and country variations were evident, with emergency medicine trainees trainees reporting worse burnout during COVID, whereas anethesiology, psychiatry and urology trainees felt less burnt out by their work.

CONCLUSIONS: Wellbeing supports should be prioritized for front-line specialty trainees, who were vulnerable to work-related stressors that emerged during COVID. Interventions should focus on fostering a sense of competence and mastery, both of which can enhance personal accomplishment.},
}

@article {pmid40587679,
year = {2025},
author = {Busili, A and Kumar, K and Kudrna, L and Rabbani, U},
title = {Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of pre and during pandemic insights.},
journal = {Medicine},
volume = {104},
number = {26},
pages = {e43112},
doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000043112},
pmid = {40587679},
issn = {1536-5964},
mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; *Mental Health ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed significant challenges to mental health, especially among individuals with preexisting conditions such as type 2 diabetes. The interplay between chronic physical conditions and mental health is well-documented, yet the pandemic's specific impact on the mental health of patients with type 2 diabetes remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the most common mental health symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and insomnia, among type 2 diabetes patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to understand any potential changes in mental health outcomes.

METHODS: A systematic review of 42 observational studies published between 2010 and 2022 was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies were identified through 5 electronic databases and included based on predefined eligibility criteria. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed the study quality. Due to limited directly comparable data, a narrative synthesis was performed.

RESULTS: The review included 42 studies, with 25 (60%) scoring 6 or less out of 9 in quality assessment. The prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetes patients ranged from 5.3% to 73.6% in prepandemic studies, compared with 5.6% to 30.4% during the pandemic. Anxiety prevalence was reported between 8.4% and 65.5% before the pandemic and remained at 8.4% during the pandemic. Insomnia was prevalent in 9.6% to 48.2% of patients' prepandemic, with one study reporting a 31.4% prevalence during the pandemic. Two studies directly compared depression prevalence before and during the pandemic in the same population; one reported a significant increase from 19.3% to 30.4%, while the other found no difference.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that while the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly exacerbate anxiety or insomnia in patients with type 2 diabetes, there may have been an increase in depression. The findings underscore the complexity of mental health outcomes during the pandemic and highlight the need for further research to fully understand the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of individuals with type 2 diabetes. These results suggest the importance of ongoing mental health support for this vulnerable population.},
}

Humans
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology/epidemiology
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
Anxiety/epidemiology
*Mental Health
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/epidemiology
Depression/epidemiology
Prevalence
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Adult

@article {pmid40587366,
year = {2025},
author = {Croke, K},
title = {Politics, Political Science and the Pandemic.},
journal = {Health systems and reform},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {2521182},
doi = {10.1080/23288604.2025.2521182},
pmid = {40587366},
issn = {2328-8620},
mesh = {*Politics ; Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {Health systems research as a field has increased its attention to political factors that shape health system development. However, there has been a lack of consensus about which conceptual frameworks and models from the academic discipline of political science are most relevant to the study of health systems. The COVID-19 pandemic underlined the centrality of politics to health, but it also demonstrated the limitations of existing frameworks used to analyze the politics of health. This article reviews the political science literature on the politics of COVID-19, identifies several gaps in the theoretical frameworks used in this work, and draws some conclusions for future work on the politics of pandemics and the politics of health system development writ large.},
}

*Politics
Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration

@article {pmid40587048,
year = {2025},
author = {Asbaghi, Y and Goertzen, S and Houldsworth, A and Monnin, C and Choukou, MA},
title = {Immigrants' Experience of Navigating eHealthcare Tools in Canada: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of immigrant and minority health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40587048},
issn = {1557-1920},
abstract = {Access to healthcare in Canada is evolving alongside eHealth tools. Despite a growing immigrant population, there's limited research on their usage of eHealthcare. Occupational therapists in Canada are increasingly involved in supporting and advocating for the accessibility of immigrants to the eHealthcare system.To provide an overview of services, barriers, and facilitators within the eHealth navigation experience by immigrants to Canada from the available published literature. A scoping review was conducted to gather academically published and grey literature, available between 2013 and 2024, that pertains to immigrants' use of eHealth in Canada. An initial search took place in 2023 and was updated in 2024, yielding 296 articles. Thirteen (13) manuscripts were included in the scoping review. Analysis of the results revealed three themes within the literature addressing immigrants' navigation of eHealth tools: the impact of COVID-19 on mental health, social determinants of eHealth, and online information-seeking behaviours. The analysis of the outcomes from the included studies revealed critical gaps in Canada's health system that challenge immigrants' access to eHealth services and recommendations to address these gaps. Collaboration among stakeholders is essential to develop tailored interventions and policies, with occupational therapists positioned to play a crucial role in helping to achieve equitable access to eHealth for immigrants in Canada. More research is needed to inform the creation and integration of culturally sensitive and linguistically accessible eHealth tools in Canada, tailored to meet the needs of immigrants in terms of their cultural background, context, and language.},
}

@article {pmid40586934,
year = {2025},
author = {Pandey, A and Mishra, S},
title = {The multifaceted roles of nucleolin in viral entry, replication, and antiviral therapy.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {655},
pmid = {40586934},
issn = {1573-4978},
support = {TAR/2023/000199//SERB (ANRF), Govt. of India/ ; },
mesh = {Nucleolin ; *RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Phosphoproteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Humans ; *Virus Internalization/drug effects ; *Virus Replication/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Animals ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; },
abstract = {Nucleolin (NCL) is a multifunctional, highly conserved protein that shuttles between the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell surface, playing pivotal roles in cellular homeostasis and disease. In recent years, NCL has emerged as a central host factor exploited by a wide array of viruses-including Herpesviridae, Flaviviridae, Pneumoviridae, Picornaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Morbillivirus-to facilitate viral entry, replication, assembly, and immune evasion. This review provides a comprehensive, comparative synthesis of the mechanisms by which diverse viruses hijack distinct structural domains of nucleolin, highlighting both proviral and antiviral activities that are context- and compartment-dependent. We critically evaluated the strength and limitations of current evidence, discuss contradictory findings across virus families, and identify patterns in domain-specific and compartmentalized viral exploitation of NCL. Special emphasis is placed on recent advances in targeting nucleolin-virus interactions for therapeutic intervention, including aptamers, G-quadruplex stabilizers, and domain-specific inhibitors. While nucleolin's essential cellular functions present challenges for drug development, emerging strategies that exploit its unique roles in viral pathogenesis offer promising avenues for broad-spectrum and precision antivirals. By integrating mechanistic insights across virus families, this review positions nucleolin as a universal node in viral infection and a compelling target for next-generation antiviral therapies.},
}

Nucleolin
*RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
*Phosphoproteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
Humans
*Virus Internalization/drug effects
*Virus Replication/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Animals
*Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology

@article {pmid40581392,
year = {2025},
author = {McBride, C and Loudermill, C and Wessel-Powell, C and McQuade, M},
title = {Bridging the gap across research and practice: The science of reading in contexts.},
journal = {Advances in child development and behavior},
volume = {68},
number = {},
pages = {1-23},
doi = {10.1016/bs.acdb.2024.10.004},
pmid = {40581392},
issn = {0065-2407},
mesh = {Humans ; *Reading ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; *Literacy ; Child, Preschool ; },
abstract = {In this chapter, we highlight research and practice considerations related to the science of reading. First, we provide a review of five cognitive-linguistic skills/constructs that are important for early literacy assessment and instruction across diverse contexts. These skills include pure copying, delayed copying, vocabulary knowledge, morphological awareness, and word reading. We discuss how research on assessment of these skills across languages and scripts facilitates early identification of children at-risk for reading and spelling difficulties and provides ideas and guidance for instruction. The second section of this chapter focuses on optimizing online literacy assessment and teaching while decreasing barriers to access (i.e., cost, accessibility) prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic brought with it new challenges and considerations for research and practice when the sudden pivot to an online modality was necessary. Finally, we highlight our shared interests and efforts related to the science of reading movement in the US. A brief overview of the science of reading movement in Indiana, our current context, is provided, in addition to observations of considerations that must be addressed when states move to implementing science of reading legislation. A shared excitement in and commitment to promoting research-aligned practices and informing legislation on assessment and instruction in science-based reading and writing from multiple disciplinary perspectives (i.e., developmental psychology, speech and hearing sciences, and education) fuels our efforts in advancing research and practice in the science of reading and writing.},
}

Humans
*Reading
*COVID-19
Child
*Literacy
Child, Preschool

@article {pmid40580665,
year = {2025},
author = {Affolter, KF and Tausendfreund, T and Eicher, N},
title = {Child protection during COVID-19: A systematic meta-synthesis of empirical studies exploring perspectives of young people and caregivers.},
journal = {Child abuse & neglect},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {107558},
doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107558},
pmid = {40580665},
issn = {1873-7757},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic affected child protection services (CPS) and the lives of those involved in different ways. This review analyzes research methodologies and service users' perspectives on COVID-19's impact on CPS in literature, published between January 1st, 2020, and October 17th, 2023.

METHOD: First, a systematic literature search identified relevant studies, which were analyzed for data collection methods, participants, and main topics. Second, a meta-synthesis was conducted on studies featuring in-depth interviews with young people and/or caregivers.

RESULTS: Of the 240 articles pre-selected for study method analysis (κ = 0.84), the most common data collection methods were surveys (53.7 %), interviews (21.3 %), and mixed methods (13.9 %). Surveys primarily targeted caregivers, while interview and mixed method studies mostly involved child protection professionals. Overall, service users were rarely asked about their perspectives on CPS. The meta-synthesis included 19 studies conducting in-depth interviews with service users, revealing that their experiences of COVID-19 were primarily crisis-stricken. COVID-19 and countermeasures were perceived as particularly challenging in areas of life where individuals lacked coping strategies, resources, and adequate support. A key challenge reported by service users was remote schooling, which disrupted daily routines, increased stress, and negatively affected overall well-being.

CONCLUSION: Research on CPS during COVID-19 often overlooked service users' perspectives, especially young people. Including these perspectives is essential for developing informed and responsive recommendations for CPS. Future research during health emergencies should therefore ensure that people's lived experiences and perspectives on CPS are researched with appropriate and diverse methods to identify newly emerging challenges and needs within CPS.},
}

@article {pmid40580492,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Hou, R and Wei, Z and Yuan, J and Zu, S},
title = {Development of the coronavirus reverse genetic system: Core technology for pathogenesis mechanisms research and vaccine/drug development.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {2525930},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2025.2525930},
pmid = {40580492},
issn = {2150-5608},
mesh = {*Reverse Genetics/methods ; Humans ; Animals ; *Vaccine Development ; Drug Development ; *Coronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/pathogenicity ; Viral Vaccines/immunology ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and neurological diseases in humans and other animals. In recent years, frequent outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging CoVs have threatened animal and human health. However, an insufficient understanding of the mechanisms underlying CoV pathogenicity and cross-species transmission limits the development of drugs and vaccines against CoVs. Reverse genetic technology is a powerful tool for manipulating the genomes of CoVs and acquiring recombinant viruses, which allows researchers to better understand viral pathogenesis and develop genetically attenuated and marked vaccines and antiviral drugs. However, the large genomes of CoVs and the instability and toxicity of viral sequences in bacteria represent serious obstacles to the development of reverse genetic systems of CoVs. With the development of molecular biological methods, various new construction strategies have emerged. Accordingly, this review summarizes the construction strategies of CoV reverse genetics systems and their applications in studying pathogenesis, cross-species transmission, vaccine development, and drug screening, with the aim of providing an important reference for the prevention and control of CoVs.},
}

*Reverse Genetics/methods
Humans
Animals
*Vaccine Development
Drug Development
*Coronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity
SARS-CoV-2/genetics/pathogenicity
Viral Vaccines/immunology
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
COVID-19 Vaccines

@article {pmid40579764,
year = {2025},
author = {Visca, D and Centis, R and D'Ambrosio, L and Spanevello, A and Petrone, L and Migliori, GB and Goletti, D},
title = {Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on TB infection testing in the context of TB elimination.},
journal = {The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease},
volume = {29},
number = {7},
pages = {293-298},
doi = {10.5588/ijtld.25.0034},
pmid = {40579764},
issn = {1815-7920},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Interferon-gamma Release Tests ; *Tuberculosis/diagnosis/prevention & control ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {The impact of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-vaccination on interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) indeterminate results is unclear. This mini-review aims to examine whether COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2-vaccination affects the accuracy of IGRAs by increasing the indeterminate rate.Non-systematic literature review based on a PubMed search using specific keywords, including various combinations of 'TB', 'quantiferon', 'indeterminate or negative results' and 'covid' without any time limits.A systematic review found an overall pooled effect size (equivalent to the indeterminate results) of 0.26 (95% confidence: 0.205-0.32) for QuantiFERON TB Plus (QFT-TB) with a mean true effect size of 0.26 (95% prediction interval: 0.11-0.5), and other studies confirmed the link with disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination does not affect IGRA interpretation.The use of IGRAs is not significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic or vaccinations, except in a small number of severe cases observed during the pandemic's peak. IGRAs' reliability remains consistent with their pre-pandemic performance..},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Interferon-gamma Release Tests
*Tuberculosis/diagnosis/prevention & control
Vaccination

@article {pmid40579573,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, J and Lyu, C and Kwan, C and Lan, X and Deng, J and Zhang, J},
title = {Understanding the effectiveness of psychosocial services for older adults' mental health in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40579573},
issn = {1433-9285},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Given the rapid development of psychosocial interventions for older adults in China and the significant mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to evaluate psychosocial interventions' effectiveness in promoting mental health of China's older population. To address this need, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted.

METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search across nine electronic databases and Google Scholar for controlled trial studies published between 2018 and 2023. A meta-analytic approach with random-effects models was employed, and moderator analyses explored variability in effect size estimates.

RESULTS: Thirty-one studies with 5,941 participants were included. Guided by the WHO's framework, mental health indicators were categorized as positive or negative. Positive indicators reflect better mental health with higher values, while negative indicators show worse mental health. Significant effects were noted for negative (g = -1.21, 95% CI: -1.44, 0.99) and positive (g = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.84) mental health indicators, moderating by geographic region, intervention type, setting, and delivery modality.

CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial services could significantly benefit Chinese older adults' mental health. The moderator and subgroup analysis suggests that the most effective interventions involve mental health professionals and utilize multifaceted approaches. Additionally, the results indicate that intervention duration is an important consideration, as shorter-term programs in Hong Kong exhibited relatively smaller effects.},
}

@article {pmid40578056,
year = {2025},
author = {Liao, RW and Hu, WC and Kuo, CY and Hsu, WL and Tzeng, IS},
title = {Adult individual resilience interventions: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of psychiatric research},
volume = {189},
number = {},
pages = {352-364},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.06.021},
pmid = {40578056},
issn = {1879-1379},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Psychological resilience interventions have garnered growing attention because of their potential to enhance mental health outcomes by facilitating adaptive responses to stress, adversity, and trauma. These approaches are especially pertinent during large-scale crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions designed to enhance individual resilience. Additionally, it aimed to explore differences in intervention outcomes across key subgroups, including intervention modality and implementation timing relative to the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six electronic databases, including EMBASE, EBSCO, APA PsycINFO, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Web of Science, to identify controlled trials or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effectiveness of therapies proposed to increase psychological resilience. Trials that met the inclusion criteria were synthesized using a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95 % confidence intervals.

RESULTS: After excluding four studies owing to potential publication bias, 16 RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. The interventions assessed were categorized as: (1) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), (2) mindfulness-based interventions, and (3) combined CBT and mindfulness approaches. Overall, resilience-focused interventions showed a statistically significant positive effect (SMD = 1.54, P < 0.001), with subgroup analyses indicating that CBT was more effective (SMD = 1.92, P < 0.001) than the other interventions. Additionally, interventions administered during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated a greater effect (SMD = 2.13, P < 0.001) compared to those implemented before the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that CBT, mindfulness-based, and combined interventions are efficacious in enhancing psychological resilience, with CBT appearing particularly beneficial. Resilience interventions may be especially impactful during periods of heightened stress, such as during pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid40577563,
year = {2025},
author = {Eichenberg, C},
title = {[Not Available].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie},
volume = {71},
number = {2},
pages = {172-188},
doi = {10.13109/zptm.2025.71.2.172},
pmid = {40577563},
issn = {1438-3608},
mesh = {Humans ; *Internet Addiction Disorder/therapy/psychology/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Social Media ; *COVID-19/psychology ; *Behavior, Addictive/psychology/therapy ; Comorbidity ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Social media addiction: An overview of the current state of research Objectives: Social media addiction as a form of internet addiction is an increasing problem in psychotherapeutic practice, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. What is the current knowledge of psychopathology on social media addiction?

METHODS: Based on a literature search in PubMed, Researchgate, Connected Papers, and Springer Link (March/April 2024), the current state of research is summarised in the following areas: Definition, classification and diagnosis, prevalence, psychological comorbidities, personality traits, ethiopathogenetic factors (esp. attachment style and ability to mentalize), and treatment approaches.

RESULTS: The available knowledge is mainly based on studies from the last three years. Social media addiction has not yet been included in the current classification systems but can still be coded in a collective category (ICD-11: 'Disorders due to addictive behaviours, unspecified'), as studies have shown that social media addiction is a disorder in its own right. Treatment approaches investigated to date are based on various therapeutic schools and methods (i. a. cognitive behavioural therapy, art therapy, self-help).

CONCLUSIONS: Future therapy studies should include decidedly psychodynamic-based treatment methods, as latest studies have demonstrated the importance of attachment styles and mentalization ability as risk factors. Additionally, exploring the effectiveness of mentalization training in both treatment and prevention of digital addictions warrants further investigation.},
}

Humans
*Internet Addiction Disorder/therapy/psychology/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Social Media
*COVID-19/psychology
*Behavior, Addictive/psychology/therapy
Comorbidity

@article {pmid40576111,
year = {2025},
author = {Rizopoulos, T and Assimakopoulou, M},
title = {Angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 expression in human tumors: Implications for prognosis and therapy (Review).},
journal = {Oncology reports},
volume = {54},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3892/or.2025.8934},
pmid = {40576111},
issn = {1791-2431},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/genetics/therapy/pathology/enzymology/drug therapy ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics ; Prognosis ; COVID-19/virology/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {Angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is one of the components of the renin‑angiotensin system. The differential expression of ACE2 is associated with carcinogenesis. ACE2 expression is altered in certain types of tumor following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The present review aimed to summarize the role of ACE2 expression in the pathogenesis of tumors of the central nervous and endocrine system, respiratory tract, breast, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, skin and bone, as well as hematological malignancies. ACE2 should be further evaluated in the pathogenesis of various types of human tumor to determine its diagnostic and prognostic value. Additionally, the present review summarizes the potential of ACE2 as a novel therapeutic target for cancer. However, the role of ACE2 expression as a novel chemotherapeutic tool for various human malignancies remains to be fully elucidated.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/genetics/therapy/pathology/enzymology/drug therapy
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics
Prognosis
COVID-19/virology/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid40575972,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, T and Li, X and Gao, S and Cui, R and Wang, J and Deng, Q},
title = {Successful salvage therapy of ruxolitinib on interstitial pneumonia after long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome with follicular lymphoma: two case reports and literature review.},
journal = {Chinese clinical oncology},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {35},
doi = {10.21037/cco-24-106},
pmid = {40575972},
issn = {2304-3873},
mesh = {Humans ; Nitriles ; *Pyrazoles/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/complications ; Pyrimidines ; *Lymphoma, Follicular/complications/drug therapy ; *Salvage Therapy/methods ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Middle Aged ; Female ; *Lung Diseases, Interstitial/drug therapy/etiology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Aged ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Immunocompromised patients with B lymphocyte deficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia after anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma (FL) are at high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.

CASE DESCRIPTION: In our study, two patients with refractory FL had persistent COVID-19 infection after their anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy. The patients were diagnosed with post-COVID-19 syndrome or COVID-19 with interstitial inflammation and persistent hypoxemia. The patients received molnupiravir and Paxlovid, along with methylprednisolone therapy when their interleukin (IL)-6 levels were high. No response was observed in interstitial inflammation, persistent hypoxemia, or persistent positive expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); however, the level of IL-6 decreased after these therapies. These two patients subsequently received low-dose ruxolitinib (5 mg, twice daily) as salvage therapy in combination with a gradually reduced dosage of methylprednisolone. After 1-2 months of ruxolitinib therapy, persistent hypoxemia was relieved, and interstitial inflammation was significantly absorbed. At the same time, the SARS-CoV-2 detection was found to be negative.

CONCLUSIONS: Ruxolitinib might be a safe and effective alternative salvage therapy for patients with COVID-19 having interstitial inflammation and persistent hypoxemia without high cytokine levels and no response to corticosteroids.},
}

Humans
Nitriles
*Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/complications
Pyrimidines
*Lymphoma, Follicular/complications/drug therapy
*Salvage Therapy/methods
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Middle Aged
Female
*Lung Diseases, Interstitial/drug therapy/etiology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Aged
Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use

@article {pmid40575740,
year = {2025},
author = {Bahrampour Juybari, K and Shamsi Meymandi, M and Bashiri, H},
title = {Effects of colchicine, interferon β, IVIG, tocilizumab and corticosteroids on COVID-19 patient survival from all presently available published clinical trials: A narrative review.},
journal = {Caspian journal of internal medicine},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {198-214},
pmid = {40575740},
issn = {2008-6164},
abstract = {One of the deadliest diseases in the world, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing global pandemic known as COVID-19. COVID-19 symptoms range from undetectable to deadly, hyper-inflammatory response and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines or hypercytokinemia are key factors in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. However, no specific and effective treatment was available, anti-inflammatory drugs have been vastly used for treating patients. The goal of this narrative literature review (2020-2022) was to elucidate the connection between anti-inflammatory medications and COVID-19 outcomes, such as safety and survival rate. Overall, these studies are consistent in presenting that anti-inflammatory drug can be advised to target the host immune response in patients and have been beneficial in reducing the mortality rate. This is revealed in current recommendations from prominent global public health authorities, which support anti-inflammatory drug use for a decrease of cytokine storm during COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40575645,
year = {2025},
author = {Sanyaolu, A and Okorie, C and Marinkovic, A and Prakash, S and Balendra, V and Lehachi, A and Abbasi, AF and Haider, N and Abioye, A and Orish, VN and Antonio, A and Badaru, O and Pandit, R and Izurieta, R},
title = {COVID-19 management in patients with comorbid conditions.},
journal = {World journal of virology},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {102674},
pmid = {40575645},
issn = {2220-3249},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes serious respiratory illness and related disorders. Vulnerable populations, including those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and the elderly, face an increased risk of severe complications. As the pandemic evolves, various diagnostic techniques are available to detect severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), including clinical presentation, rapid antigen/antibody testing, molecular testing, supplemental laboratory analysis, and imaging. Based on peer-reviewed data, treatment options include convalescent plasma transfusion, corticosteroids, antivirals, and immunomodulatory medications. Convalescent plasma therapy, historically used in outbreaks like Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebola, and SARS, is suggested by the World Health Organization for critically ill COVID-19 patients when vaccines or antiviral drugs are unavailable. Neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma help control viral load and improve patient outcomes, especially when administered early, though effectiveness varies. The United States Food and Drug Administration has authorized its emergency use for severe COVID-19 cases, but potential risks such as transfusion reactions and transfusion-related acute lung injury require further investigation to establish definitive efficacy. Antiviral agents like Remdesivir, an adenosine nucleotide analog, inhibit viral RNA polymerase and have shown efficacy in reducing COVID-19 severity, leading to its emergency use authorization for hospitalized patients. Other antivirals like ritonavir, lopinavir, and umifenovir disrupt viral replication and entry, but their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 remains under investigation. Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, has been used in critically ill COVID-19 patients to reduce inflammation and prevent respiratory failure, as shown in the RECOVERY trial. Other immunosuppressants like ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and colchicine help modulate the immune response, reducing cytokine storms and inflammation-related complications. However, corticosteroids carry risks such as hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, and delayed viral clearance, requiring careful administration. Systematic reviews of clinical studies revealed that hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin did not decrease viral load nor reduce the severity of symptoms, but increased mortality among acutely hospitalized patients. There was no improvement in patients' clinical conditions after 15 days compared to standard treatment. The United States Food and Drug Administration has revoked the authorization for the use of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients due to the null benefit-risk balance. Monoclonal antibodies like itolizumab, gimsilumab, sarilumab, and tocilizumab are being studied for their ability to reduce the severe inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients, particularly cytokine release syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome. These antibodies target specific immune pathways to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines, with some showing promising results in clinical trials, though their use remains under investigation. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas13 family of enzymes, sequenced from many COVID-19-positive patients, can potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, cleave the RNA genome, and aid in the amplification of the genome assay. Cas13 can also target emerging pathogens via an adeno-associated virus vector when delivered to the infected lungs. In addition to pharmacological agents, vaccines effectively prevent symptomatic infection, reduce hospitalizations, minimize mortality rates, and ultimately reduce the severity of the disease. This paper aims to explore the management of patients with underlying conditions who present with COVID-19 to lessen the burden on healthcare systems.},
}

@article {pmid40575145,
year = {2025},
author = {Kammer, RL and Federici, R and Gormley, S},
title = {Topical Review: Clinical, Physiological, and Functional Benefits of Home-based Telerehabilitation with Occupational Therapists for Low Vision.},
journal = {International journal of telerehabilitation},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {6703},
pmid = {40575145},
issn = {1945-2020},
abstract = {For patients with low vision, rehabilitation enables the performance of daily activities and the acquisition of skills while enhancing quality of life, despite vision loss. Access to comprehensive low vision rehabilitation services, however, is often limited. The rise of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic has facilitated innovative delivery of healthcare, including telerehabilitation for low vision. This literature review was undertaken to evaluate the current evidence regarding telerehabilitation conducted by occupational therapists for patients with low vision. In this review, studies investigating the effects of new programs largely found significant improvements in outcomes. Results of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial found that reading ability significantly improved and results did not differ between therapies conducted through telerehabilitation or in-office. Additionally, studies surveying providers and patients regarding their sentiments about telehealth found that comfort level and overall satisfaction were similar between in-office visits and telerehabilitation.},
}

@article {pmid40575096,
year = {2025},
author = {Kalulu, P and Fisher, A and Whitter, G and Sener, I and Doering, M and Carter, DB and Gabel, M and Ding, J and Esposito, M and McMurtry, CL and Sopory, P and Huffman, MD},
title = {Trust, trust repair, and public health: a scoping review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1560089},
pmid = {40575096},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {*Trust/psychology ; Humans ; *Public Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the scope of evidence on trust, trust repair, and public health.

METHODS: We identified quantitative studies that evaluated the relationship between trust or trust repair and public health from January 1990 to May 2023. Results were stratified evaluating trust as an exposure or outcome and reporting on trust repair. Data are reported on spatiotemporal trends in publications, level of trust (institutional trust, generalized trust, and interpersonal trust), types of trust measures used, objects and determinants of trust, and associations between trust and public health behaviors.

RESULTS: Among 194 included studies, most (86%, 166/194) were published after the COVID-19 pandemic and in high-income countries. Among 40 reports that evaluated trust as an outcome, most (52%) evaluated trust in government. Socioeconomic factors (n = 18), perceived government performance (n = 14), and media/information (n = 8) were the most common determinants overall and for institutional trust. Three reports focused on trust repair (n = 2) or maintenance (n = 1).

CONCLUSION: This review provides a roadmap for future research on evaluating and improving trust and public health.},
}

*Trust/psychology
Humans
*Public Health
*COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid40574520,
year = {2025},
author = {Clark, N and Bright, R and Vasilev, K and Heimann, K and Mangoni, AA},
title = {Potential therapeutic effects of zinc and copper chlorophyllins in viral respiratory infections: recent developments and future directions.},
journal = {Critical reviews in food science and nutrition},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-22},
doi = {10.1080/10408398.2025.2524471},
pmid = {40574520},
issn = {1549-7852},
abstract = {Zinc and copper are essential trace elements that regulate immunity and inflammation, with antiviral effects that may help combat respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. These effects include reducing cytokine storms and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, zinc and copper uptake is limited by homeostasis mechanisms, reducing their effectiveness. Sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) and sodium zinc chlorophyllin (SZC), nontoxic chlorophyll derivatives, may overcome these limitations by delivering higher intracellular levels of these metals. Evidence suggests SCC and SZC exhibit antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses by inhibiting viral entry, replication, and release from infected cells. Animal studies show that SCC can lower viral loads and reduce ARDS-like symptoms. Additionally, SCC and SZC may suppress proinflammatory cytokines, potentially preventing or reducing the severity of cytokine storms. This review highlights the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc and copper, explores the therapeutic potential of SCC and SZC in viral respiratory infections, and discusses future research directions to optimize these treatments.},
}

@article {pmid40574110,
year = {2025},
author = {Song, J and Su, D and Wu, H and Guo, J},
title = {Implications of Anaphylaxis Following mRNA-LNP Vaccines: It Is Urgent to Eliminate PEG and Find Alternatives.},
journal = {Pharmaceutics},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40574110},
issn = {1999-4923},
abstract = {The mRNA vaccine has protected humans from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has taken the lead in reversing the epidemic efficiently. However, the Centre of Disease Control (CDC) reported and raised the alarm of allergic or acute inflammatory adverse reactions after vaccination with mRNA-LNP vaccines. Meanwhile, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has added four black-box warnings in the instructions for mRNA-LNP vaccines. Numerous studies have proven that the observance of side effects after vaccination is indeed positively correlated to the level of anti-PEG antibodies (IgM or IgG), which are enhanced by PEGylated preparations like LNP vaccine and environmental exposure. After literature research and review in the past two decades, it was found that the many clinical trial failures (BIND-014, RB006 fell in phase II) of PEG modified delivery system or PEGylated drug were related to the high expression of anti-PEG IgM and IgG. In the background of shooting multiple mRNA-LNP vaccines in billions of people around the world in the past three years, the level of anti-PEG antibodies in the population may have significantly increased, which brings potential risks for PEG-modified drug development and clinical safety. This review summarizes the experience of using mRNA-LNP vaccines from the mechanism of the anti-PEG antibodies generation, detection methods, clinical failure cases of PEG-containing products, harm analysis of abuse of PEGylation, and alternatives. In light of the increasing prevalence of anti-PEG antibodies in the population and the need to avoid secondary injuries, this review article holds greater significance by offering insights for drug developers. It suggests avoiding the use of PEG excipients when designing PEGylated drugs or PEG-modified nano-formulations and provides references for strategies such as utilizing PEG-free or alternative excipients.},
}

@article {pmid40573981,
year = {2025},
author = {Petito, E and Gresele, P},
title = {VITT Pathophysiology: An Update.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573981},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare thrombotic disorder first identified in 2021 as a catastrophic syndrome associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral vector (AdV)-vaccine administration. It is characterized by the presence of oligo- or monoclonal anti-PF4 antibodies able to induce in vitro platelet activation in the presence of PF4. In addition to this immune-based pathomechanism, random splicing events of the Adv-vector DNA encoding for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein resulting in the secretion of soluble spike variants have been postulated as a possible pathophysiological mechanism. More recently, some novel clinical-pathological anti-PF4-associated entities also characterized by thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and VITT-like antibodies but independent from heparin or AdV-vaccine administration have been identified. To date, these VITT-like disorders have been reported following the administration of vaccines different from anti-SARS-CoV-2 AdV-vaccines, like human papillomavirus (HPV) and mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, following a bacterial or viral respiratory infection, and in patients with a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the knowledge on VITT pathogenesis, focusing on recent findings on anti-PF4 antibodies, on a possible genetic predisposition to VITT, on VITT-antibody intracellular activated pathways, on lipid metabolism alterations, and on new VITT-like disorders.},
}

@article {pmid40573968,
year = {2025},
author = {Rezahosseini, O and Bazargan, A and Eiberg, MF and Korsgaard, AP and Niyati, R and Ekenberg, C and Nielsen, LN and Harboe, ZB},
title = {Safety and Immunogenicity of Co-Administration of Herpes Zoster Vaccines with Other Vaccines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573968},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Introduction: Herpes zoster (HZ), or shingles, is a vaccine-preventable disease with two approved vaccines: the live-attenuated vaccine (LZV) and the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV). Evidence on the immunogenicity and adverse events (AEs) following co-administration with other vaccines in adults is limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of HZ vaccines when co-administered with other vaccines. Methods: We followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and systematically searched multiple databases (January 1950 to February 2024) for studies on HZ vaccination with concomitant vaccines in adults (≥18 years). Observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and non-randomized controlled trials were included, excluding reviews, case series, case reports, editorials, and non-English publications. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane tools (RoB 2 and ROBINS-I). A meta-analysis compared geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios and vaccine response rates (VRRs) for RZV, applying the Hartung-Knapp adjustment. For LZV, meta-analysis was not feasible, and results were described narratively. AEs were analyzed using risk ratios and presented in forest plots. Results: Out of 369 search hits, ten RCTs were included. In six RCTs, RZV was co-administered with influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13, PPSV23), or Tdap. The pooled GMC mean difference was -0.04 (95% CI: -0.10 to 0.02, p = 0.19), and the pooled VRR was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99 to 1.01, p = 0.59). Local and systemic AEs showed pooled relative risks of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.03, p = 0.73) and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.91 to 1.11, p = 0.90), respectively. LZV co-administration was investigated in four RCTs and was safe; however, co-administration with PPSV23 resulted in reduced immunogenicity. Conclusions: The co-administration of RZV with other vaccines was safe and immunogenic. However, limited evidence suggests that co-administration of LZV with PPSV23 reduced the immunogenicity of LZV through an unknown mechanism. Still, RZV co-administration could enhance vaccine uptake in vulnerable populations.},
}

@article {pmid40573967,
year = {2025},
author = {Qiao, R and Li, J and Gong, J and Shao, Y and Yu, J and Chen, Y and Lu, Y and Yang, L and Lin, L and Hu, Z and Wang, P and Zhao, X and Zhang, W},
title = {Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: From Current Solutions to Broad-Spectrum Protection.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573967},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {2023YFC2605400, 2023YFC3404000//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32300121, 32270142//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 92169212//Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23PJD007//Shanghai Pujiang Programme/ ; 22QA1408800//Shanghai Rising-Star Program/ ; 23410760500//the Program of Science and Technology Cooperation with Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan/ ; SSIII-202416//Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity/ ; SKLGE-2304//Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University/ ; },
abstract = {The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) underscore the critical role of vaccination in pandemic control. These mutations not only enhance viral infectivity but also facilitate immune evasion and diminish vaccine efficacy, necessitating ongoing surveillance and vaccine adaptation. Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including inactivated, live-attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, virus-like particle, and nucleic acid vaccines, face challenges due to the immune evasion strategies of emerging variants. Moreover, other sarbecoviruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) pose a potential risk for future outbreaks. Thus, developing vaccines capable of countering emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and providing broad protection against multiple sarbecoviruses is imperative. Several innovative vaccine platforms are being investigated to elicit broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody responses, offering protection against both current SARS-CoV-2 variants and other sarbecoviruses. This review presents an updated overview of the key target antigens and therapeutic strategies employed in current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Additionally, we summarize ongoing approaches for the development of vaccines targeting infectious sarbecoviruses.},
}

@article {pmid40573955,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, E and Shang, S and Xing, Y and Cui, J and Pan, C and Seale, H and Fang, Q},
title = {Mapping Behavioral and Social Drivers of Influenza Vaccine Uptake in Older Adults: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573955},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {RJKH(Y)-2025-015//Ruijin Hospital/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Influenza vaccination plays a crucial role in reducing morbidity and mortality among older adults; however, uptake remains suboptimal, particularly in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. In many settings, countries have not recovered their influenza vaccine coverage rates to the same level as pre-COVID. Therefore, this scoping review systematically identified the behavioral and social drivers (BeSD) influencing influenza vaccination among older adults using the BeSD framework. Methods: A systematic search across five databases included quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies involving individuals aged 60 years and older. Data were charted across four BeSD domains: thinking and feeling, social processes, motivation, and practical issues. Results: Thirty-nine studies from 24 countries were included. Key barriers encompassed safety concerns, misinformation, financial burdens, logistical challenges, and cultural and language barriers. While motivation was positively associated with vaccination intentions, the transition from intention to behavior remains underexplored, and practical issues have received comparatively limited research attention. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for multifaceted, behaviorally informed interventions and greater inclusion of under-resourced settings to support equitable influenza vaccination strategies for healthy aging.},
}

@article {pmid40573932,
year = {2025},
author = {Oloruntimehin, S and Akinyi, F and Paul, M and Ariyo, O},
title = {mRNA Vaccine Technology Beyond COVID-19.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573932},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Since their approval in early 2020, mRNA vaccines have gained significant attention since the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential therapeutic approach to tackle several infectious diseases. This article aims to review the current state of mRNA vaccine technology and its use against other diseases.

METHODS: To obtain accurate and reliable data, we carefully searched the clinicaltrial.gov and individual companies' websites for current ongoing clinical trials reports. Also, we accessed different NCBI databases for recent articles or reports of clinical trials, innovative design of mRNA vaccines, and reviews.

RESULTS: Significant progress has been made in the design and improvement of mRNA vaccine technology. Currently, there are hundreds of ongoing clinical trials on mRNA vaccines against different cancer types, infectious diseases, and genetic and rare diseases, which showcase the advancement in this technology and their potential therapeutic advantages over traditional vaccine platforms. Finally, we predict what could be a potential future direction in designing more effective mRNA vaccines, particularly against cancer.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of many of the ongoing clinical trials have shown significant positive outcomes, with many of the trials already at Phase III. Despite this outlook, however, some have been terminated or withdrawn for several reasons, some of which are not made available. This means that despite the advancement, there is a need for more research and critical evaluation of each innovation to better understand their immunological benefits and long-term effects.},
}

@article {pmid40573919,
year = {2025},
author = {Eslami, M and Fadaee Dowlat, B and Yaghmayee, S and Habibian, A and Keshavarzi, S and Oksenych, V and Naderian, R},
title = {Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms: Integrating Synthetic Biology, Nanotechnology, and Systems Immunology for Improved Immunogenicity.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573919},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {The emergence of complex and rapidly evolving pathogens necessitates innovative vaccine platforms that move beyond traditional methods. This review explores the transformative potential of next-generation vaccine technologies, focusing on the combined use of synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and systems immunology. Synthetic biology provides modular tools for designing antigenic components with improved immunogenicity, as seen in mRNA, DNA, and peptide-based platforms featuring codon optimization and self-amplifying constructs. At the same time, nanotechnology enables precise antigen delivery and controlled immune activation through engineered nanoparticles such as lipid-based carriers, virus-like particles, and polymeric systems to improve stability, targeting, and dose efficiency. Systems immunology aids these advancements by analyzing immune responses through multi-omics data and computational modeling, which assists in antigen selection, immune profiling, and adjuvant optimization. This approach enhances both humoral and cellular immunity, solving challenges like antigen presentation, response durability, and vaccine personalization. Case studies on SARS-CoV-2, Epstein-Barr virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis highlight the practical application of these platforms. Despite promising progress, challenges include scalability, safety evaluation, and ethical concerns with data-driven vaccine designs. Ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial to fully develop these technologies for strong, adaptable, globally accessible vaccines. This review emphasizes next-generation vaccines as foundational for future immunoprophylaxis, especially against emerging infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy.},
}

@article {pmid40573888,
year = {2025},
author = {Sanni, A and Ibrahim, N and Tilley, D and Bontha, S and McMorrow, A and Philip, RK},
title = {Maternal Vaccination as an Integral Part of Life-Course Immunization: A Scoping Review of Uptake, Barriers, Facilitators, and Vaccine Hesitancy for Antenatal Vaccination in Ireland.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573888},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Background: Maternal vaccination is a critical primary preventive approach and an integral part of life-course immunization strategy, influencing the infection-associated morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, foetuses, and young infants. Despite clear guidelines for the administration of vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap), influenza, and COVID-19 during pregnancy, maternal vaccination rates remain suboptimal in Ireland as per the National Immunisation Office of the Health Service Executive (HSE). Aim: This review explores the prevailing status, uptake factors, and maternal immunization-specific vaccine hesitancy in Ireland. Method: A scoping review was conducted, searching nine electronic databases, including the Irish health research repository Lenus. The search strategy utilised a Population-Concept-Context framework (pregnant women-vaccine uptake/hesitancy-Ireland). Key factors identified and categorised according to the 5A framework: access, affordability, awareness, acceptance, and activation. Results: Searches yielded 2457 articles, and 12 eligible studies were included for review. Influencing factors were identified in each of the 5A dimensions, with the majority relating to acceptance and awareness. Positively associated factors included healthcare provider (HCP) recommendation and knowledge of vaccine safety. Potential antenatal barriers were maternal lack of knowledge of vaccine-preventable illness severity, infection risks, and vaccine safety concerns. A pregnant woman's primary motivation for antenatal immunization was protection of her infant; however, the reluctance of HCPs to prescribe all recommended antenatal vaccines, inadequate immunization-specific discussion during antenatal consultations, and suboptimal knowledge of pregnancy-specific vaccine safety hampered potential positive influences. The Irish national immunization policy was a facilitator of affordability. Activation can be achieved through public health awareness campaigns and interdisciplinary promotion of maternal vaccination uptake. Conclusions: Maternal vaccination uptake in Ireland remains suboptimal, and a coordinated, targeted approach updating HCP recommendations, enhancing maternal awareness, and highlighting vaccine safety in pregnancy would be required to meet the life-course immunization goals recommended by WHO. By adopting a life-course immunization approach for healthy living, with maternal vaccination as the pivotal central point, vaccination programmes could close immunity gaps at various life stages.},
}

@article {pmid40573887,
year = {2025},
author = {Sułek, M and Szuster-Ciesielska, A},
title = {The Bioengineering of Insect Cell Lines for Biotherapeutics and Vaccine Production: An Updated Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573887},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {2019/35/B/NZ6/00472//National Science Centre (Poland) under project OPUS/ ; },
abstract = {Insect cell lines are a cornerstone of recombinant protein production, providing a versatile platform for biopharmaceutical and research applications. In the early 20th century, scientists first attempted to culture insect cells in vitro, developing continuous cell lines to produce the first insect cell-derived recombinant protein, IFN-β. Initial successes, along with advancements in the use of insect cells for recombinant protein manufacturing, primarily relied on baculovirus expression vector systems (BEVSs), which enable heterologous gene expression in infected cells. Today, growing attention is focused on baculovirus-free systems based on the transfection of insect cells with plasmid DNA. This approach simplifies the final product purification process and facilitates the development of stable monoclonal cell lines that produce recombinant proteins or protein complexes, particularly virus-like particles (VLPs). Thanks to advancements in genetic engineering and the application of adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) methods, significant strides have been made in overcoming many limitations associated with insect cell BEVSs, ultimately enhancing the reliability, yield, and quality of the biomanufacturing process. Our manuscript discusses the history of developing insect cell lines, presents various recombinant protein production systems utilizing these cells, and summarizes modifications aimed at improving insect cell lines for recombinant protein biomanufacturing. Finally, we explore their implications in pharmaceutical production, particularly on Nuvaxovid[®]/Covovax, which is the latest approved vaccine developed using insect cell BEVSs for protection against SARS-CoV-2.},
}

@article {pmid40573885,
year = {2025},
author = {Wełnicki, M and Mamcarz, A and Kuchar, E and Mitkowski, P and Jaroszewicz, J and Tomasiewicz, K and Gąsior, M and Leszek, P and Kamiński, KA and Wysocki, J},
title = {The Impact of COVID-19 and the Practical Importance of Vaccinations and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573885},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic posed a huge challenge to global health systems. In addition to searching for effective methods of treating and preventing infection with a new pathogen, we could once again observe that severe respiratory infection and its complications can be become a challenging problem for cardiac patients. Empirical observations are fully confirmed by the results of clinical trials. Patients with risk factors and already diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases are particularly exposed to the severe course of COVID-19, including death. That is why we consider it so important to promote vaccinations against COVID-19 as a safe and effective method of preventing serious infections in this special group of patients, in accordance with the updated recommendations of relevant experts. If an infection is detected, depending on its form and the risk of hospitalization, there are also several antiviral treatment strategies. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir therapy is particularly effective in selected patient groups, but its use requires analysis of the cardiac pharmacotherapy regimen in the context of potentially significant drug interactions.},
}

@article {pmid40573879,
year = {2025},
author = {Forchette, LT and Palma, L and Sanchez, C and Gibons, RM and Stephenson-Moe, CA and Behers, BJ},
title = {Cardiopulmonary Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573879},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have been associated with numerous side effects since their widespread release to the public. Cardiovascular complications include myocarditis and pericarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and cardiac tamponade. Pulmonary complications are pulmonary embolism (PE), interstitial lung disease (ILD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pneumonia, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary hypertension. Despite these complications, the risk-benefit analysis still strongly favors vaccination, as these events occur more frequently with natural infection and confer a significantly worse prognosis. This study outlines the evidence surrounding each attributed effect, the clinical course including diagnosis and management, and the proposed pathophysiology. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive review of the cardiopulmonary effects of COVID-19 vaccination to date.},
}

@article {pmid40573609,
year = {2025},
author = {Vicoveanu, D and Gherman, O and Șoldănescu, I and Lavric, A},
title = {Patient Health Record Smart Network Challenges and Trends for a Smarter World.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {25},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573609},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {Artificial intelligence-powered personalized health and genomics libraries for the analysis of long-term effects in COVID-19 patients (AI-PHGL-COVID)//Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Records, Personal ; Artificial Intelligence ; *Electronic Health Records ; Internet of Things ; Computer Security ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {Personal health records (PHRs) are digital repositories that allow individuals to access, manage, and share their health information. By enabling patients to track their health over time and communicate effectively with healthcare providers, personal health records support more personalized care and improve the quality of healthcare. Their integration with emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain, enhances the utility and security of health data management, facilitating continuous health monitoring, automated decision support, and secure, decentralized data exchange. Despite their potential, PHR systems face significant challenges, including privacy concerns, security issues, and digital accessibility problems. This paper discusses the fundamental concepts, requirements, system architectures, and data sources that underpin modern PHR implementations, highlighting how they enable continuous health monitoring through the integration of wearable sensors; mobile health applications; and IoT-enabled medical devices that collect, process, and transmit data to support proactive care and personalized treatments. The benefits and limitations of PHR systems are also discussed in detail, with a focus on interoperability, adoption drivers, and the role of advanced technologies in supporting the development of secure and scalable health information systems for a smarter world.},
}

Humans
*Health Records, Personal
Artificial Intelligence
*Electronic Health Records
Internet of Things
Computer Security
Wearable Electronic Devices
Telemedicine

@article {pmid40573459,
year = {2025},
author = {Negi, V and Miller, AS and Kuhn, RJ},
title = {Advances in Viroporin Function and Structure: A Comparative Analysis of Alphavirus 6K with Well-Characterized Viroporins.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573459},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {5R01AI095366-10A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Alphavirus/genetics/physiology/metabolism/chemistry ; Humans ; *Viroporin Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; Virus Release ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Hepacivirus ; HIV-1 ; Influenza A virus ; },
abstract = {Viruses encode ion channel proteins called viroporins to assist in infection and immune evasion. The alphavirus 6K protein is classified as a member of the viroporin family of proteins. Several studies have characterized the role of 6K in alphavirus budding and infection since its discovery in the late 1970s. In this review, we summarize 6K research and discuss some unanswered questions regarding 6K biology. We highlight the similarities and differences between 6K and viroporins of clinically relevant viruses-influenza A virus, HIV-1, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2-and address their importance as therapeutic targets. The sensitivity of these viroporins to common inhibitors and their ability to functionally complement each other underscore their potential as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.},
}

*Alphavirus/genetics/physiology/metabolism/chemistry
Humans
*Viroporin Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/genetics
SARS-CoV-2
Animals
Virus Release
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
Hepacivirus
HIV-1
Influenza A virus

@article {pmid40573442,
year = {2025},
author = {Menis, AA and Gerovasileiou, E and Mantzarlis, K and Manoulakas, E and Deskata, K and Vazgiourakis, V and Makris, D and Dimopoulos, G},
title = {The Effect on Mortality of Bacterial Co-Infections on Critically Ill Patients with Community-Acquired COVID-19 and Influenza Pneumonia: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573442},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *Bacterial Infections/mortality ; *Coinfection/mortality/microbiology ; *Community-Acquired Infections/mortality/microbiology ; *COVID-19/mortality/complications ; Critical Illness/mortality ; *Influenza, Human/mortality/complications/microbiology ; *Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Background: Bacterial co-infections in patients with viral pneumonia might increase mortality. In this study we aimed to evaluate their effect on the mortality of critically ill patients with viral pneumonia. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane from inception until 30 March 2025. We included studies comparing the effect on mortality of bacterial co-infections in critically ill patients with viral pneumonia. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: From 3643 studies, 10 were included in our study with a total of 2862 COVID-19 patients and 4573 influenza patients. Seven studies were retrospective and three prospective. In total, 359/2862 of the COVID-19 and 904/4573 of the influenza patients were co-infected. Co-infections increased mortality in five out of the six studies evaluating COVID-19 patients and in two out of the eight studies evaluating influenza patients. Conclusions: The majority of the included studies were retrospective, which may limit the accuracy of these results. The exclusion of non-English literature may have led to the omission of relevant data. Based on our results, the impact of bacterial co-infection may be more pronounced in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the ICU than in patients with influenza pneumonia.},
}

Humans
*Bacterial Infections/mortality
*Coinfection/mortality/microbiology
*Community-Acquired Infections/mortality/microbiology
*COVID-19/mortality/complications
Critical Illness/mortality
*Influenza, Human/mortality/complications/microbiology
*Pneumonia, Viral/mortality
Retrospective Studies
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40573357,
year = {2025},
author = {Williams, R and Hales, J and Collier, W and Gould, P},
title = {Coronavirus Replication: Genomes, Subgenomic RNAs, and Defective Viral Genomes.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573357},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {Internal University Grant (COVID-19 Studentship)//Coventry University/ ; Employer of some of the authors//OVO Biomanufacturing/ ; },
mesh = {*Virus Replication ; *Genome, Viral ; *RNA, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; *Coronavirus/genetics/physiology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/physiology ; *Defective Viruses/genetics/physiology ; COVID-19/virology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic the process of coronavirus replication has been under increasing scrutiny. During the replication of their genomic RNA, coronaviruses produce a range of other RNAs in addition to the negative-sense replicative intermediates of the genome, which includes a set of subgenomic RNAs. These subgenomic RNAs are nested within the sequence of the complete genome and can be both replicated further and act as templates for protein production. Alongside these functional products of discontinuous replication, coronaviruses produce defective viral genomes that can potentially impact both the virus and infected host cells. These interactions can arise from the ability of these defective viral genomes to impact the production of new infectious virions, through either competition with the wild-type genome for replication or by stimulating an antiviral response. Examining the behaviour of defective viral genomes can also help to elucidate the functional elements of the genome involved in the processes of replication and packaging. This review covers the process of intracellular replication by coronaviruses describing the mechanisms by which the different RNA species are produced. Of particular focus are factors involved in discontinuous replication that produces defective viral genomes, and the behaviour of coronavirus defective viral genomes.},
}

*Virus Replication
*Genome, Viral
*RNA, Viral/genetics
Humans
*Coronavirus/genetics/physiology
SARS-CoV-2/genetics/physiology
*Defective Viruses/genetics/physiology
COVID-19/virology
Animals

@article {pmid40573356,
year = {2025},
author = {Hellen, CUT},
title = {Viral Strategies and Cellular Countermeasures That Regulate mRNA Access to the Translation Apparatus.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573356},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {*Protein Biosynthesis ; *RNA, Messenger/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; *RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Viruses/genetics ; Animals ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; *Virus Diseases/virology ; },
abstract = {The papers introduced in the Commentary present new insights and review aspects of current knowledge concerning the competition between viruses and their hosts for the cellular translation apparatus. Viruses depend on this apparatus and utilize diverse mechanisms to usurp it for the translation of viral mRNAs and to suppress synthesis of cellular proteins. Virus-induced modification of translation factors, selective abrogation of mRNA binding to ribosomes and degradation of cellular mRNAs all impair elements of the innate immune response, thereby undermining host defenses against infection. Various cellular mechanisms prevent translation of viral mRNAs, by modifying components of the translation apparatus to effect a generalized shut-off of translation or by binding of host proteins to viral mRNAs to induce their degradation or to prevent their engagement with the translation apparatus. Viruses have in turn evolved countermeasures to evade these defenses, for example by encoding proteins that impair the activity of host factors or via alterations in the sequence and structure of viral mRNAs. Such changes enable viral mRNAs to avoid recognition by host factors or to support translation initiation by specialized mechanisms that involve only a subset of the factors that are required by cellular mRNAs.},
}

*Protein Biosynthesis
*RNA, Messenger/metabolism/genetics
Humans
*RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
*Viruses/genetics
Animals
Ribosomes/metabolism
*Virus Diseases/virology

@article {pmid40573183,
year = {2025},
author = {Chronopoulou, S and Tsochantaridis, I},
title = {Interferon Lambda: The Next Frontier in Antiviral Therapy?.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40573183},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are the most recently identified members of the interferon family, distantly related to type I interferons and members of the interleukin-10 (IL-10). Unlike type I interferons, which have broadly distributed cellular receptors, IFN-λ signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex with primary expression on epithelial cells. This restricted receptor distribution makes IFN-λ a favorable candidate for therapeutic and antiviral applications with reduced side effects. In this review, we describe the molecular structure, signaling mechanisms, and the role of IFN-λ in the innate immunity of epithelial tissue, which are its primary sites of action. Moreover, this review will summarize and critically examine the antiviral potential of IFN-λ based on all published clinical trials conducted for the treatment of COVID-19, and hepatitis B, C and D virus. Furthermore, this review suggests IFN-λ as a promising therapeutic recombinant protein, with special emphasis on its potential for production using alternative expression and advanced drug delivery systems. To emphasize its potential as a therapeutic intervention, the design and engineering of recombinant IFN-λ will be presented, with a focus on its lower side-effect profile compared to Type I interferons.},
}

@article {pmid40572764,
year = {2025},
author = {Sokou, R and Lianou, A and Lampridou, M and Panagiotounakou, P and Kafalidis, G and Paliatsiou, S and Volaki, P and Tsantes, AG and Boutsikou, T and Iliodromiti, Z and Iacovidou, N},
title = {Neonates at Risk: Understanding the Impact of High-Risk Pregnancies on Neonatal Health.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {61},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40572764},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; *Pregnancy, High-Risk/physiology ; *Infant Health/standards ; Risk Factors ; Premature Birth/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {High-risk pregnancies (HRPs) constitute a significant global health issue due to their strong association with increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although pregnancy is generally characterized by positive expectations, the presence of maternal comorbidities, gestational complications, or adverse socioeconomic and environmental conditions can markedly elevate the probability of unfavorable outcomes. HRPs contribute disproportionately to complications such as preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies, which are key determinants of neonatal mortality and long-term developmental and health challenges. A broad spectrum of risk factors as well as insufficient prenatal care, underscores the complex nature of HRPs. These conditions necessitate a multidisciplinary management approach encompassing early risk identification, continuous monitoring, and individualized interventions. The neonatal prognosis in such contexts is strongly influenced by gestational age at delivery, birth weight, the standard of neonatal care, and the underlying etiological factors driving preterm or complicated deliveries. Preventive strategies including comprehensive prenatal screening, systematic antenatal follow-up, and timely referral to specialized perinatal care centers are essential for reducing the burden of HRPs. Furthermore, addressing social determinants of health-such as low socioeconomic status and limited access to healthcare-is critical for optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes. This review consolidates current evidence on the epidemiology, etiological factors, and clinical implications of high-risk pregnancies, emphasizing the necessity of an integrative, preventive, and multidisciplinary framework to mitigate adverse neonatal outcomes and improve long-term health trajectories.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
Infant, Newborn
*Pregnancy, High-Risk/physiology
*Infant Health/standards
Risk Factors
Premature Birth/epidemiology

@article {pmid40572743,
year = {2025},
author = {Maritescu, A and Crisan, AF and Pescaru, CC and Oancea, C and Iacob, D},
title = {The Psychological and Physical Benefits of Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {61},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40572743},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Humans ; Anxiety/therapy/etiology ; *Autogenic Training/methods ; Chronic Disease ; *COVID-19/psychology/complications/therapy ; *Cystic Fibrosis/psychology/therapy/complications ; Depression/therapy/etiology ; Dyspnea/therapy ; Fatigue/therapy/etiology ; *Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/psychology/therapy/complications ; Sleep Quality ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: Chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, and post-COVID-19, are frequently accompanied by psychological distress and physical impairment. As a non-pharmacological intervention, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) may benefit these patients psychologically and physiologically. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of PMR on anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep quality, dyspnea, and pulmonary function in patients with COPD, CF, and COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane, SpringerLink, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Eligible studies assessed PMR in adult patients with COPD, CF, or COVID-19. Psychological and physical outcomes were extracted, and methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using standardized tools. Results: A total of 32 studies were included in the analysis. PMR was consistently associated with reductions in anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep-related distress, particularly in patients with COPD and COVID-19. Some also reported improvements in dyspnea and mild pulmonary function tests, but these were more variable. Only one study evaluated PMR in patients with cystic fibrosis, providing the first clinical data for this group. Interventions were predominantly short-term, with significant variation in design, duration, and methodology, and the risk of bias was often moderate or high. Conclusions: PMR is a helpful strategy in treating chronic respiratory diseases, particularly for reducing psychological distress and improving sleep. However, the evidence is limited by methodological variations and lack of long-term follow-up. Rigorous research is needed to support clinical application, particularly in cystic fibrosis.},
}

Humans
Anxiety/therapy/etiology
*Autogenic Training/methods
Chronic Disease
*COVID-19/psychology/complications/therapy
*Cystic Fibrosis/psychology/therapy/complications
Depression/therapy/etiology
Dyspnea/therapy
Fatigue/therapy/etiology
*Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/psychology/therapy/complications
Sleep Quality

@article {pmid40572690,
year = {2025},
author = {Storari, L and Piai, J and Zitti, M and Raffaele, G and Fiorentino, F and Paciotti, R and Garzonio, F and Ganassin, G and Dunning, J and Rossettini, G and Feller, D and Heick, JD and Mourad, F and Maselli, F},
title = {Standardized Definition of Red Flags in Musculoskeletal Care: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {61},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40572690},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; *Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnosis/therapy ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: The aging population and the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a rise in severe conditions, including musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Although MSK conditions are often managed in primary care, they may sometimes mask serious illnesses requiring urgent diagnosis. The red flag (RF) concept is essential for identifying signs and symptoms of potentially severe disease. However, RF criteria vary across clinical guidelines and lack consistency. With the growing role of direct access to physiotherapy-bypassing physician referral-physiotherapists must develop strong differential diagnostic skills to identify serious pathologies that mimic MSK disorders. This review aims to systematically map how RFs are defined in MSK clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), supporting the move toward a standardized definition for clinical and research use. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Included studies were CPGs and systematic reviews (SRs) of CPGs addressing MSK disorders and incorporating the RF concept. Data extraction followed a rigorous process, and RF definitions were synthesized and compared in table format. Results: Out of thirteen-thousand three-hundred and ninety-three articles identified, fourteen met inclusion criteria (seven CPGs and seven SRs of CPGs), spanning both physiotherapy and medical fields. All definitions described RFs as signs or symptoms indicating possible serious pathology requiring further investigation or referral. Some definitions referred broadly to "patterns of signs or symptoms", while others offered more precise criteria. Conclusions: This review highlights the lack of a standardized RF definition in MSK care, leading to inconsistencies in clinical decision-making and diagnosis. To improve patient safety and guide clinicians-especially in direct-access contexts-a unified, internationally recognized definition of RFs is needed in future guidelines.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Diagnosis, Differential
*Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnosis/therapy
*Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40572277,
year = {2025},
author = {Nichols, JH and Smith, AM and Jonsson, CB},
title = {The Intersection of SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40572277},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {The interplay between comorbidities and viral infections is a critical factor that influences disease severity and outcomes. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one such comorbidity that significantly elevates the risk of severe viral infection from coronaviruses, namely, SARS-CoV-2. DM is characterized by either a lack of insulin production (type 1 diabetes) or insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes), both of which contribute to a state of hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia significantly promotes chronic inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and immune dysregulation, which put diabetics at an elevated risk of critical health outcomes. Additionally, diabetes is hypothesized to amplify viral titers during infection by promoting the expression of the viral entry receptor ACE2 and providing a favorable cellular energy environment for viral replication. This review focuses on explaining the mechanisms that link diabetics with more severe COVID-19 disease and exploring some of the mechanisms that contribute to the phenomenon where COVID-19 can promote new-onset diabetes. By highlighting the interconnections between diabetes and COVID-19, this review aims to emphasize the implications that the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has had on metabolic health.},
}

@article {pmid40572239,
year = {2025},
author = {Duan, Q and Ai, T and Ma, Y and Li, R and Jin, H and Chen, X and Zhang, R and Bao, K and Chen, Q},
title = {Research Progress on the Application of Neutralizing Nanobodies in the Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40572239},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {20224BAB216058//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province/ ; xsq2023101081//Double-Thousand Plan of Jiangxi Province/ ; 32260623//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Public health crises triggered by viral infections pose severe threats to individual health and disrupt global socioeconomic systems. Against the backdrop of global pandemics caused by highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and Ebola virus disease (EVD), the development of innovative prevention and treatment strategies has become a strategic priority in the field of biomedicine. Neutralizing antibodies, as biological agents, are increasingly recognized for their potential in infectious disease control. Among these, nanobodies (Nbs) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies exhibit remarkable technical advantages due to their unique structural features. Compared to traditional neutralizing antibodies, nanobodies offer significant cost-effectiveness in production and enable versatile administration routes (e.g., subcutaneous injection, oral delivery, or aerosol inhalation), making them particularly suitable for respiratory infection control and resource-limited settings. Furthermore, engineered modification strategies-including multivalent constructs, multi-epitope recognition designs, and fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain fusion-effectively enhance their neutralizing activity and suppress viral immune escape mechanisms. Breakthroughs have been achieved in combating pathogens such as the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2, with mechanisms involving the blockade of virus-host interactions, induction of viral particle disintegration, and enhancement of immune responses. This review comprehensively discusses the structural characteristics, high-throughput screening technologies, and engineering strategies of nanobodies, providing theoretical foundations for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. These advances hold strategic significance for addressing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40572093,
year = {2025},
author = {Welc, N and Frącz, W and Olejniczak, R and Żaba, R and Kavanagh, K},
title = {Analysis of the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Syphilis in Susceptible Populations: Men Who Have Sex with Men, People Living with HIV, and Patients with Gestational and Congenital Syphilis-A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40572093},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a public health crisis that significantly impacted sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly syphilis. However, data on syphilis incidence during the pandemic remains inconsistent globally. Key groups affected include women of reproductive age, pregnant women, individuals living with HIV, and men who have sex with men (MSM). This paper reviews available literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to analyse the pandemic's influence on congenital and gestational syphilis, focusing on high-risk populations. We discuss the pandemic's impact on the incidence of gestational and congenital syphilis, including changes in screening and treatment protocols. Additionally, we examine alterations in syphilis prevalence and testing among people living with HIV and MSM, including implications observed in blood donors. The findings underscore the consequences of impaired STI diagnostics for public health. We emphasise the need for uninterrupted access to diagnostics and treatment during public health crises. To prevent rising syphilis rates post-pandemic, it is crucial to implement robust education and accessible testing measures.},
}

@article {pmid40571256,
year = {2025},
author = {Alford, BS and Hughes, CM and Gilpin, DF and McGrath, JW},
title = {Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance in Care Homes Through Wastewater Surveillance - A Scoping Review.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.06.010},
pmid = {40571256},
issn = {1532-2939},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance poses a growing threat, especially in care homes where older residents are particularly vulnerable due to frequent antibiotic use and co-morbidities. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing focus on wastewater surveillance for detecting and monitoring pathogens in healthcare settings.

AIM: This study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review framework to map the extent of available literature on wastewater-based epidemiological studies addressing antimicrobial resistance in care homes for older adults.

METHODS: Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) were searched from date of inception until 26[th] August 2024. The search strategy employed variations of the keywords; 'antimicrobial resistance,' 'wastewater-based epidemiology,' and 'care homes for older adults.' Studies were screened based on eligibility criteria, with data extracted by one researcher. Another researcher reviewed the charted data and resolved any queries. The search identified 83 studies, from which 11 studies, conducted between 2015 and 2024, were included.

FINDINGS: The studies used grab or composite sampling, combined with culture-based methods for bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and whole genome sequencing. Enterobacterales, including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., were the most frequently detected, with high resistance rates, especially to some penicillins and cephalosporins.

CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample sizes reported in this review, wastewater-based epidemiology shows promise in monitoring antibiotic-resistant bacteria in care home wastewaters, offering insights into trends and genetic diversity, with the potential to inform public health strategies and antibiotic stewardship programmes.},
}

@article {pmid40571008,
year = {2025},
author = {Lu, Y and Qian, C and Huang, Y and Ren, T and Xie, W and Xia, N and Li, S},
title = {Advancing mRNA vaccines: A comprehensive review of design, delivery, and efficacy in infectious diseases.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {145501},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145501},
pmid = {40571008},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the transformative potential of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in biomedicine, thanks to their rapid design, scalable production, and strong immunogenicity. Nonetheless, their widespread adoption remains hindered by challenges related to sequence optimization, delivery efficiency, thermostability, and safety. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in mRNA vaccine development, including advances in molecular engineering, delivery platforms, adjuvant properties, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven predictive modeling. It covers codon optimization, nucleoside modification, untranslated region (UTR) engineering, and novel structural formats such as self-amplifying and circular mRNAs. The review also compares various delivery systems-including lipid nanoparticles, cationic polymers, and virus-like particles-focusing on their physicochemical characteristics and translational applicability. Particular attention is given to the intrinsic adjuvant properties of mRNA molecules and their delivery vehicles, as well as strategies for incorporating exogenous adjuvants to modulate immune responses. Furthermore, the article provides a succinct overview of key preclinical and clinical advancements in mRNA vaccines targeting major infectious diseases (e.g., HIV, influenza, RSV, rabies) and tumor-associated antigens (e.g., HPV). This review is among the first to highlight breakthroughs in the application of AI for antigen screening, mRNA sequence optimization, lipid component selection, and vaccine stability prediction. Finally, the review addresses current platform limitations and proposes future directions for interdisciplinary collaboration, offering both theoretical insights and practical recommendations for the safe and effective implementation of next-generation mRNA vaccines.},
}

@article {pmid40568792,
year = {2025},
author = {Lenz, C and Song, M and Bandara, S and Kennedy Hendricks, A and Kramer, C and Sufrin, C and Fingerhood, M and Saloner, B},
title = {Implementation of Jail and Prison-Based Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Programs: A Narrative Synthesis.},
journal = {Medical care research and review : MCRR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {10775587251345018},
doi = {10.1177/10775587251345018},
pmid = {40568792},
issn = {1552-6801},
abstract = {Provision of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) programs in carceral settings is critical to reducing overdose during the high-risk period following release from incarceration. Efforts to expand carceral MOUD programs have increased in recent years. We conducted a narrative review to synthesize evidence on the implementation of MOUD in U.S. carceral facilities. We analyzed 36 studies from 2019 to 2023 using the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment framework. Findings highlight that MOUD in carceral settings requires significant resources, infrastructure, and staffing. MOUD diversion is a common concern, with program responses varying widely. Stigma against MOUD remains a challenge, particularly when treating pregnant people with OUD. Effective coordination between carceral and community stakeholders is critical for MOUD implementation and continuity of treatment postrelease. COVID-19 spurred innovation, increasing telehealth in carceral MOUD programs. Future research should explore MOUD program transition from early adoption to wide-scale implementation, considering external factors, sustainability, and evolving policies.},
}

@article {pmid40568785,
year = {2025},
author = {Arrè, V and De Luca, R and Mrmić, S and Marotta, S and Nardone, S and Incerpi, S and Giannelli, G and Negro, R and Trivedi, P and Anastasiadou, E},
title = {Gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer: viral and bacterial interplay.},
journal = {Gut microbes},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {2519703},
pmid = {40568785},
issn = {1949-0984},
mesh = {Humans ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology/immunology ; *Helicobacter Infections/complications/microbiology/immunology/virology ; Helicobacter pylori/physiology/immunology/pathogenicity ; *Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications/virology/immunology ; *COVID-19/complications/virology/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Animals ; Inflammation/microbiology/virology ; Coinfection/microbiology/virology ; *Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/microbiology/virology/immunology ; Dysbiosis ; },
abstract = {Gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and malignancies arise from complex interactions between the host's immune responses and microbial pathogens. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contribute to chronic GI inflammation, immune evasion, and tumorigenesis through distinct but interconnected mechanisms. EBV, a widespread herpesvirus, establishes a latent infection in B cells and epithelial cells. It promotes gastric carcinogenesis through immune modulation, epigenetic changes, and viral microRNAs (miRNAs). H. pylori, a gastric carcinogen, induces chronic gastritis and gastric cancer (GC) through Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and Vacuolating cytotoxin gene A (VacA) virulence factors. These factors disrupt host immune responses and enhance oncogenic signaling pathways. Recent evidence also links SARS-CoV-2 to gut dysbiosis and inflammatory responses. It worsens immune dysfunction and hence potentially impacting GI pathology. EBV and H. pylori co-infections may synergistically amplify inflammatory signaling, creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment. This review emphasizes the molecular mechanisms by which these pathogens contribute to GI diseases, focusing on their immune evasion strategies and potential therapeutic targets. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing targeted interventions for infection-driven GI malignancies.},
}

Humans
Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology/immunology
*Helicobacter Infections/complications/microbiology/immunology/virology
Helicobacter pylori/physiology/immunology/pathogenicity
*Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications/virology/immunology
*COVID-19/complications/virology/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Animals
Inflammation/microbiology/virology
Coinfection/microbiology/virology
*Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/microbiology/virology/immunology
Dysbiosis

@article {pmid40568634,
year = {2025},
author = {Shitaye, G and Ventserova, N and D'Abrosca, G and Dragone, M and Maina, EW and Fattorusso, R and Iacovino, R and Russo, L and Isernia, C and Malgieri, G},
title = {The role of intrinsically disordered regions of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and non-structural protein 1 proteins.},
journal = {Frontiers in chemistry},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1597656},
pmid = {40568634},
issn = {2296-2646},
abstract = {Virus survival inside the host cell depends on the intricate mechanisms that recruit proteins involved in the arms race. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteome exhibits important levels of structural order. However, some of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins, such as the Nucleocapsid (N) and Non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1), contain a considerably significant amount of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that play indispensable roles in the intra-viral and virus-host interaction. Here, focusing on proteins that contain a relevant percentage of IDRs, we discuss experimental and computational studies sought to support IDRs as a key player in the interplay with ordered domains, the biological role as potential origin for variants of SARS-CoV-2, and their association with virus transmissibility. Furthermore, we also highlight the potential involvement of IDRs in the viral-host protein interaction and host cellular machinery. Thus, shading lights on the dark proteome of the virus and looking for therapeutic approaches beyond the classic structure-function paradigm may contribute to the efforts sparking the quest for therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid40567947,
year = {2025},
author = {Yousufzai, W and Heo, A and Gu, K and Sun, E and Lopez, G and Balamurali, S and Adjei-Mosi, J and Shin, R and Stuart, DB and Edwards, P and Baronia, R and Amor, W and McMahon, T},
title = {First episode of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric disease among patients infected with COVID-19: A scoping review.},
journal = {PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {e70146},
pmid = {40567947},
issn = {2769-2558},
abstract = {This scoping review aims to examine the frequency and prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders reported in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019, and the mechanisms by which these develop during and post infection. A systematic search using relevant search terms and key words was done on six electronic databases of literature on neuropsychiatric conditions post-coronavirus disease 2019 infection from 2020 to 2023. Data were extracted following Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, focusing on key findings, intervention details, and outcomes. We included 333 studies in the review. Studies indicated an elevated risk of neuropsychiatric disorders post-coronavirus disease 2019, with some risks remaining high 2 years after diagnosis. A significant prevalence of depressive, psychotic, and anxiety disorders, as well as post-traumatic stress symptoms were noted among coronavirus disease 2019 survivors. There was increased prevalence of insomnia and other sleep disturbances, mild to severe cognitive dysfunction, and eating disorders. Coronavirus disease 2019 infection is associated with a significant risk of developing various neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depressive disorders, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cognitive dysfunction. Long-term monitoring and early interventions are essential to mitigate these risks and improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40566294,
year = {2025},
author = {Rocha, DM and Pedroso, AO and Menegueti, MG and Silveira, RCCP and Sousa, LRM and Gir, E and Reis, RK},
title = {Predictors of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Long COVID: Systematic Review of Prevalence.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40566294},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {88881.657963/2021-01//Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology/complications ; *Anxiety/epidemiology/etiology ; *Depression/epidemiology/etiology ; Prevalence ; *Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology ; Aged ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Adult ; },
abstract = {Anxiety, depression, and stress are prevalent psychosocial manifestations in Long COVID, and understanding their global impact can guide safe, effective, and evidence-based interventions. This study reviewed the literature to analyze the prevalence indicators and predictors of anxiety, depression, or stress experienced by adults and older adults with Long COVID. This systematic prevalence review was conducted using the databases MEDLINE via PubMed[®], CINAHL-EBSCO, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, LILACS, and BDENF. Observational studies that assessed anxiety, depression, or perceived stress in adults and older adults with Long COVID were included, with no restrictions on time or language. Two reviewers independently conducted the selection process. Full texts were analyzed for their eligibility potential. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies. Ten observational studies with moderate methodological quality were included. Anxiety and depression were the most prevalent psychosocial symptoms in Long COVID, reported in mild, moderate, and severe cases of COVID-19 infection. Prevalence rates reached up to 47.8% for anxiety, 37.3% for depression, and 23% for stress. The combined analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of 15.3% (95% CI: 10.8% to 20.2%). Being female, having pre-existing mental disorders or associated clinical comorbidities, experiencing severe infection in the acute phase, and receiving intensive care were predictors of greater mental burden. The experience of anxiety, depression, and stress in prolonged COVID-19 was reported in countries with different income levels and was disproportionately experienced, especially by women and individuals with associated clinical conditions or psychopathological comorbidities.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology/complications
*Anxiety/epidemiology/etiology
*Depression/epidemiology/etiology
Prevalence
*Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology
Aged
SARS-CoV-2
Adult

@article {pmid40566273,
year = {2025},
author = {Bondanini, G and Giovanelli, C and Mucci, N and Giorgi, G},
title = {The Dual Impact of Digital Connectivity: Balancing Productivity and Well-Being in the Modern Workplace.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40566273},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *Workplace/psychology ; *Efficiency ; *COVID-19 ; *Occupational Health ; Burnout, Professional ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Digital connectivity is essential in modern work environments, enhancing productivity and communication. However, its rapid expansion post-COVID-19 raises concerns about burnout, digital fatigue, and work-related stress.

OBJECTIVE: This PRISMA-based systematic review examines the benefits and challenges of digital work, assessing its impact on occupational health and proposing mitigation strategies.

METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library identified 40 peer-reviewed studies published since 2020, focusing on digital connectivity, remote work, and employee well-being. Studies on purely technological aspects were excluded.

RESULTS: While digital tools improve efficiency and flexibility, they also increase workload, cognitive overload, and stress. Prolonged screen exposure contributes to mental exhaustion and sleep disturbances. Limited digital infrastructure further exacerbates productivity barriers.

CONCLUSIONS: Digital connectivity offers both opportunities and risks. Organizations should implement structured policies such as offline hours, digital detox initiatives, and mental health support to sustain productivity and well-being. Future research should explore sector-specific interventions and long-term impacts of digital work practices.},
}

Humans
*Workplace/psychology
*Efficiency
*COVID-19
*Occupational Health
Burnout, Professional

@article {pmid40565889,
year = {2025},
author = {Pálok, D and Kiss, B and Élő, LG and Dósa, Á and Zubek, L and Élő, G},
title = {Enhancing Safety and Quality of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Coronavirus Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {40565889},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background: Professional knowledge and experience of healthcare organization went through continuous change and development with the progression of COVID-19 pandemic waves. However, carefully developed guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) remained largely unchanged regardless of the epidemic situation, with the largest change being a more prominent bioethical approach. It would be possible to further improve the quality of CPR by systematic data collection, the facilitation of prospective studies, and further development of the methodology based on this evidence, as well as by providing information and developing provisions on interventions with expected poor outcomes, and ultimately by refusing resuscitation. Methods: This study involved the critical collection and analysis of literary data originating from the Web of Science and PubMed databases concerning bioethical aspects and the efficacy of CPR during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: According to the current professional recommendation of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), CPR should be initiated immediately in case of cardiac arrest in the absence of an exclusionary circumstance. One such circumstance is explicit refusal of CPR by a well-informed patient, which in practice takes the form of a prior declaration. ERC prescribes the following conjunctive conditions for do-not-attempt CPR (DNACPR) declarations: present, real, and applicable. It is recommended to take the declaration as a part of complex end-of-life planning, with the corresponding documentation available in an electronic database. The pandemic has brought significant changes in resuscitation practice at both lay and professional levels as well. Incidence of out-of-hospital resuscitation (OHCA) did not differ compared to the previous period, while cardiac deaths in public places almost halved during the epidemic (p < 0.001) as did the use of AEDs (p = 0.037). The number of resuscitations performed by bystanders and by the emergency medical service (EMS) also showed a significant decrease (p = 0.001), and the most important interventions (defibrillation, first adrenaline time) suffered a significant delay. Secondary survival until hospital discharge thus decreased by 50% during the pandemic period. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic provided a significant impetus to the revision of guidelines. While detailed methodology has changed only slightly compared to the previous procedures, the DNACPR declaration regarding self-determination is mentioned in the context of complex end-of-life planning. The issue of safe environment has come to the fore for both lay and trained resuscitators. Future Directions: Prospective evaluation of standardized methods can further improve the patient's autonomy and quality of life. Since clinical data are controversial, further prospective controlled studies are needed to evaluate the real hazards of aerosol-generating procedures.},
}

@article {pmid40565471,
year = {2025},
author = {Tsimtsiou, Z and Pagkozidis, I and Pappa, A and Triantafyllou, C and Vasileiou, C and Stridborg, M and Fonseca, VR and Breda, J},
title = {What Do We Know About Contemporary Quality Improvement and Patient Safety Training Curricula in Health Workers? A Rapid Scoping Review.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {40565471},
issn = {2227-9032},
support = {REFORM/IM2023/001//European Union/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite growing emphasis on quality and safety in healthcare, there remains a limited understanding of how Quality Improvement and Patient Safety (QI/PS) training for health workers has evolved in response to global events like the COVID-19 pandemic and the WHO Global Patient Safety Action Plan. This rapid scoping review aimed to not only identify existing curricula but also uncover trends, innovation gaps, and global inequities in QI/PS education-providing timely insights for reshaping future training strategies.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and Scopus for English-language studies published between January 2020 and April 2024, describing QI and/or PS curricula across graduate, postgraduate, and continuing education levels. All healthcare worker groups were eligible, with no geographic limitations. Two reviewers conducted independent screening and data extraction; a third verified the results.

RESULTS: Among 3290 records, 74 curricula met inclusion criteria, with a majority originating from the US (58, 78.4%) and targeting physicians-especially residents and fellows (43/46, 93.5%). Only 27% of curricula were multidisciplinary. While traditional didactic (66.2%) and interactive (73%) approaches remained prevalent, curricula launched after 2020 introduced novel formats such as Massive Open Online Courses and gamification, with long-term programs uniformly leveraging web-based platforms. Common thematic content included Root Cause Analysis, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, QI tools, communication skills, and incident reporting. English-language peer-reviewed published literature indicated a marked lack of structured QI/PS training in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

CONCLUSIONS: This review reveals both an uneven development and fragmentation in global QI/PS training efforts, alongside emerging opportunities catalyzed by digital transformation and pandemic-era innovation. The findings highlight a critical gap: while interest in QI/PS is growing, scalable, inclusive, and evidence-based curricula remain largely concentrated in a few high-income countries. By mapping these disparities and innovations, this review provides actionable direction for advancing more equitable and modern QI/PS education worldwide, whilst showcasing the need to systematically delve into QI/PS training in underrepresented regions.},
}

@article {pmid40564973,
year = {2025},
author = {Akher, SA and Wang, KY and Hall, K and Hunpatin, OS and Shan, M and Zhang, Z and Guo, Y},
title = {Harnessing Transient Expression Systems with Plant Viral Vectors for the Production of Biopharmaceuticals in Nicotiana benthamiana.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {40564973},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {2022SFGC0102//Key R&D Program of Shandong Province/ ; ASTIP-TRIC02//the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program/ ; P20GM103436-24 (KY INBRE)//the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health./ ; },
mesh = {*Nicotiana/genetics/metabolism/virology ; *Genetic Vectors/genetics ; *Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Farming/methods ; Humans ; COVID-19/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Gene Editing ; Bioreactors ; },
abstract = {Plant Molecular Farming (PMF) capitalizes on the unique properties of plants as bioreactors to efficiently produce valuable proteins, pharmaceuticals, and enzymes. This review emphasizes the critical role of transient expression systems, particularly in Nicotiana benthamiana, due to its susceptibility to various pathogens. Viral vector-based transient expression has proven essential during health emergencies like COVID-19, enabling rapid recombinant protein production. The review also evaluates different transient expression platforms and highlights their applications in biopharmaceutical production, education, synthetic biology, and gene editing. Advances in viral vector modification, hydroponics, and Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) are presented as transformative innovations enhancing scalability and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, glycoengineering advancements broaden the range of producible biopharmaceuticals, improving global medication access. By exploring these advancements, this review underscores the vast potential of transient expression systems to meet dynamic scientific and market demands, positioning PMF as a vital component in modern biotechnology.},
}

*Nicotiana/genetics/metabolism/virology
*Genetic Vectors/genetics
*Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics
Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/metabolism
Molecular Farming/methods
Humans
COVID-19/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Gene Editing
Bioreactors

@article {pmid40564613,
year = {2025},
author = {Daovisan, H and Sathiyamas, J and Choowan, P and Suwanwong, C},
title = {Rethinking Post-COVID-19 Behavioral Science: Old Questions, New Insights.},
journal = {Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40564613},
issn = {2076-328X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has radically transformed behavioral science research. While many disciplines have been shown increasing attention in the existing literature, behavioral science uniquely revisits old questions to develop new theoretical perspectives for the post-COVID-19 era. Our systematic search of the literature allowed us to map 505 records that met our criteria, found across 102 papers; from these, we chose 11 articles published between 2021 and 2024. The focus of this review is on examining old questions while providing fresh insights into social, psychological, cognitive, healthcare, and human behavior. The findings emphasize the relevance of the TPB, the HBM, SCT, and the COM-B model, which effectively provide new theoretical insights into post-COVID-19 research. This study shows that theory-informed practices have been integrated into behavioral science research since the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical applications depend on these insights, which can inform evidence-based practice of planned behavior in healthcare policy, academic research, and community practice.},
}

@article {pmid40564201,
year = {2025},
author = {Hemat Jouy, S and Tonchev, H and Mostafa, SM and Mahmoud, AM},
title = {Post-COVID Metabolic Fallout: A Growing Threat of New-Onset and Exacerbated Diabetes.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40564201},
issn = {2227-9059},
support = {R00 HL140049/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL161386/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; 1R00HL140049-03/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01HL161386-04/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Emerging evidence highlights the profound and lasting impact of severe illnesses such as COVID-19, particularly among individuals with underlying comorbidities. Patients with pre-existing conditions like diabetes mellitus (DM) are disproportionately affected, facing heightened risks of both disease exacerbation and the onset of new complications. Notably, the convergence of advanced age and DM has been consistently associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes. However, the long-term metabolic consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially its role in disrupting glucose homeostasis and potentially triggering or worsening DM, remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes current clinical and experimental findings to clarify the bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes. We critically examine literature reporting deterioration of glycemic control, onset of hyperglycemia in previously non-diabetic individuals, and worsening of metabolic parameters in diabetic patients after infection. Furthermore, we explore proposed mechanistic pathways, including pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and immune-mediated damage, that may underpin the development or progression of DM in the post-COVID setting. Collectively, this work underscores the urgent need for continued research and clinical vigilance in managing metabolic health in COVID-19 survivors.},
}

@article {pmid40564001,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, Y and Zhang, Y and Shao, J and Jie, L},
title = {Glucocorticoid-Mediated Extracellular Matrix Regulation: Implications for Precision Therapy.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40564001},
issn = {2227-9059},
support = {2024A1515012856//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 82474245//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Glucocorticoids (GCs) have revolutionized the treatment of multidisciplinary diseases. Recently, its role in severe infectious diseases has been revisited and discussed since the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research and discussions have focused more on their anti-inflammatory effects and impact on the immune system, with limited study on other aspects of their action and mechanisms. In recent years, it has been discovered that glucocorticoids can regulate the extracellular matrix by influencing the cellular microenvironment and processes such as fibrosis, thereby exerting regulatory effects on diseases. This article summarizes current research on GC-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. It emphasizes the dual role of the ECM as a therapeutic target and a source of biomarkers, and identifies molecular mechanisms and potential biomarkers for precise glucocorticoid therapy, such as type I collagen (PRO-C1), type III collagen (PRO-C3), fibrillin-C (FBN-C), and type III collagen degradation (C3M). These findings may also contribute to the development of more precise new drugs.},
}

@article {pmid40563736,
year = {2025},
author = {Doskas, T and Vavougios, GD and Kormas, C and Kokkotis, C and Tsiptsios, D and Spiliopoulos, KC and Tsiakiri, A and Christidi, F and Aravidou, T and Dekavallas, L and Kazis, D and Dardiotis, E and Vadikolias, K},
title = {Neurocognitive Impairment After COVID-19: Mechanisms, Phenotypes, and Links to Alzheimer's Disease.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40563736},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: SARS-CoV-2 can affect the central nervous system directly or indirectly. AD shares several similarities with long COVID cognitive impairment on a molecular and imaging level, as well as common risk factors. The objective of this review is to evaluate the incidence of post-acute COVID-19 cognitive impairment. Secondarily, we aim to determine if neuroinflammation in COVID-19 survivors may be associated with the onset of neurological disease, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS: literature search up to March 2025 on the prevalence of cognitive deficits in COVID-19 survivors, underlying pathophysiology and associations with neurological disorders.

RESULTS: a wide array of neuropsychiatric manifestations is associated with COVID-19; executive function, memory, and attention are the most frequently reported neurocognitive deficits, regardless of COVID-19 severity. There are associations between the risks for cognitive deficits post-infection with the age of the patients and the severity of the disease. Increasing evidence suggests that neurocognitive deficits are associated with the onset of neurological and neuropsychiatric disease in COVID-19 survivors.

CONCLUSIONS: clinicians caring for COVID-19 survivors should actively investigate neurocognitive sequelae, particularly for patients with increased risk for cognitive deficits.},
}

@article {pmid40563525,
year = {2025},
author = {Ponce, A and Flores-Maldonado, C and Contreras, RG},
title = {Cardiac Glycosides: From Natural Defense Molecules to Emerging Therapeutic Agents.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40563525},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {CF-2019-7357//National Research Council of Mexico (CONAHCYT)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Cardiac Glycosides/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {Cardiac glycosides (CGs), a class of plant- and animal-derived compounds historically used to treat heart failure, have garnered renewed interest for their diverse pharmacological properties beyond Na[+]/K[+]-ATPase (NKA) inhibition. Recent studies reveal that CGs modulate key signaling pathways-such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, and MAPK-affecting processes central to cancer, viral infections, immune regulation, and neurodegeneration. In cancer, CGs induce multiple forms of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and immunogenic cell death, while also inhibiting angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cell cycle progression. They demonstrate broad-spectrum antiviral activity by disrupting viral entry, replication, and mRNA processing in viruses such as HSV, HIV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. Immunologically, CGs regulate Th17 differentiation via RORγ signaling, although both inhibitory and agonistic effects have been reported. In the nervous system, CGs modulate neuroinflammation, support synaptic plasticity, and improve cognitive function in models of Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Despite their therapeutic potential, clinical translation is hindered by narrow therapeutic indices and systemic toxicity. Advances in drug design and nanocarrier-based delivery are critical to unlocking CGs' full potential as multi-target agents for complex diseases. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the emerging roles of CGs and highlights strategies for their safe and effective repurposing.},
}

Humans
*Cardiac Glycosides/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry
Animals
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Signal Transduction/drug effects
Neoplasms/drug therapy
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid40562255,
year = {2025},
author = {Argyrou, M and Pitsillou, E and Hung, A and El-Osta, A and Karagiannis, TC},
title = {Insights into the pathogenic mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.},
journal = {Journal of structural biology},
volume = {217},
number = {3},
pages = {108229},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsb.2025.108229},
pmid = {40562255},
issn = {1095-8657},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogenic agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, uses the trimeric spike protein to gain entry into the host cell. Structural studies have revealed that the spike protein is comprised of the S1 and S2 subunits. The S1 subunit of the spike protein contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The interaction between the RBD and ACE2 facilitates membrane fusion and host cell infection. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein also contains a unique insertion of four amino acids that results in the 682-RRAR↓S-686 polybasic furin cleavage motif at the boundary of the S1 and S2 subunits. The furin cleavage motif contributes to the high infectivity and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular interactions of the spike protein, with a specific focus on the RBD and furin cleavage site. In addition to examining the binding characteristics with ACE2, the interactions with alternative receptors, such as neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are highlighted. The ability of the spike protein to bind alternative receptors and host factors has been linked to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the persistence of symptoms in the post COVID-19 condition. Furthermore, we examine the impact of spike protein mutations on receptor affinity and disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, with variants remaining an ongoing threat to public health. Understanding these molecular interactions is critical for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.},
}

@article {pmid40561878,
year = {2025},
author = {Ali, SB and Gurnari, C},
title = {Infections in VEXAS syndrome: a systematic review of the literature.},
journal = {Current research in translational medicine},
volume = {73},
number = {4},
pages = {103524},
doi = {10.1016/j.retram.2025.103524},
pmid = {40561878},
issn = {2452-3186},
abstract = {Vacuolation, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) syndrome is a multisystem disease for which chronic immunosuppression is needed. Opportunistic infections are common; however, a clear prophylaxis regimen is not defined. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Six publications with 123 patients were evaluated. Of 86 patients with demographic data; most were males (n = 85, 98.8 %) and median age was 73 years. UBA1 mutational status was reported in 80 patients: p.Met41Thr (n = 43, 53.8 %), p.Met41Val (n = 17, 21.3 %) and p.Met41Leu (n = 12, 15.0 %) were most common. In these patients, 48 (60 %) had underlying myelodysplastic syndrome. Many of the patients had multiple hospitalizations. Infections were reported as follows: COVID19 (n = 20), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) (n = 16), nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species (n = 16), Enterobacteriaceae species (n = 14), Legionella species (n = 13), Varicella Zoster virus (n = 11) and Herpes Simplex Virus (n = 8) infections, respectively. Daily prednisolone dose was at, or greater than 10 mg and overall median long term steroid treatment duration was 3.1 years. Notably, for NTM the median daily prednisolone dose was 12.5 mg. Median prednisolone dosing for PJP was only reported in one of the publications, comprising six patients, at 17 mg per day. Where data was available, 45 of the 95 patients (47.3 %) were deceased at last follow-up. Of the 45 deaths, 32 (71.1 %) were attributed to the intercurrent infection. In summary, opportunistic infections are commonly reported in VEXAS syndrome. Prophylaxis for such infections remains paramount but no clear consensus on recommendations exists, highlighting the need for prospective studies. Moreover, furthering our understanding of pathophysiology of VEXAS syndrome and impairment in both innate and humoral immunity may clarify its contribution to infections in addition to high background immunosuppressive therapies.},
}

@article {pmid40561741,
year = {2025},
author = {Hosseini, H and Hosseini, F and Bolourian, S and Assadpour, E and Jafari, SM},
title = {Formulation of bioactive-loaded chewing gums; techno-functional and health-promoting attributes along with in-vitro and in-vivo release studies.},
journal = {Advances in colloid and interface science},
volume = {343},
number = {},
pages = {103583},
doi = {10.1016/j.cis.2025.103583},
pmid = {40561741},
issn = {1873-3727},
abstract = {The approved health and functional influences of the bioactive compounds has caused the development of many products delivering them to human body. Chewing gum (CWG) matrix could be one of the best novel delivering systems, as (i) it is a pleasant product for consumers, especially children, (ii) primarily protects the sensitive bioactives, (iii) originally provides positive effects on the memory, alertness, weight and stress, (iv) its application is easily possible at any time and place, (v) is commonly remained within oral cavity and chewed for a varied duration before throwing out, and (vi) it is possible to design a broad range of delivery profiles by controlling the type and content of the other ingredients, encapsulation of bioactives, and changing the production procedure. Therefore, this review is aimed to focus on the practical applications of the bioactive-containing CWG in improving our health (e.g., saliva stimulation, supplying mineral, vitamin, and antioxidant, improved cognitive function, smoking cessation, and preventing diseases e.g., oral infections, dental caries, enamel demineralization, formation of calculus, extrinsic tooth stain and plaque, gastrointestinal (GI) problems, cancer, Covid-19, etc.). The relevant studies confirmed that due to compliance with pharmaceutical standards, spontaneously providing both systemic and local delivery, fast onset of action, limited first pass metabolism, resistance to enzymes and acids, adequate stability, enhancing cognitive function and alertness and a lot more, it can be imagined for CWG to be much more popular to the market and patients in the near future. Nevertheless, more in-vivo and clinical studies should be established to monitor the release behavior of different bioactives from CWG into the biological media as affected by various factors. Finally, well-designed/documented studies for the optimized functional/medicinal CWG are commercially available, providing the desired health effects besides considering the consumer concerns, namely well organoleptic characteristics, practical efficiency, reasonable price and application of eco-friendly ingredients, especially gum base, as possible.},
}

@article {pmid40561313,
year = {2025},
author = {Viniegra, RFS and da Silva-Junior, AG},
title = {Resilience and vulnerability in women's health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review.},
journal = {Ciencia & saude coletiva},
volume = {30},
number = {6},
pages = {e03792025},
doi = {10.1590/1413-81232025306.03792025},
pmid = {40561313},
issn = {1678-4561},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; Female ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *Vulnerable Populations ; *Women's Health ; Health Services Accessibility ; Pandemics ; *Women's Health Services/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {This study seeks to identify the concept of resilience and reflect on factor that made women's heath vulnerable and protected (at personal level and in health services) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an integrative review of the literature, carried out in the SciELO, BVS, PubMed and LILACS databases, using the descriptors resilience, women's health, gynecology, obstetrics, COVID-19 and pandemic, covering the years 2020 to 2022, in Portuguese and English. 43 articles were included and analyzed in 4 thematic areas: concept of resilience, impacts of the pandemic on health services, stressors and personal resilience factors, and impacts of the pandemic on women' lives. Highlights difficulties in adapting the health network to the crisis stand out, as well as losses in access to services and information, leading to physical and mental harm, especially for the most vulnerable population. Factors that promote resilience were physical activity, interpersonal support, routine, education, income and maintenance of some services. Resilience in healthcare is a new, complex and promising field, which should be encouraged, as it contributes to strategies for improving and adapting healthcare systems and people's lives, preventively, during and after crises.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
Female
*Resilience, Psychological
*Vulnerable Populations
*Women's Health
Health Services Accessibility
Pandemics
*Women's Health Services/organization & administration

@article {pmid40560121,
year = {2025},
author = {Torri, F and Schirinzi, E and Fontanelli, L and Ricci, G and Mancuso, M and Bochicchio, M and Siciliano, G},
title = {Telemedicine and remote monitoring in neuromuscular diseases: Challenges and opportunities.},
journal = {Journal of neuromuscular diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {22143602251330436},
doi = {10.1177/22143602251330436},
pmid = {40560121},
issn = {2214-3602},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telemedicine, the application of those information technologies to remotely provide health services either for synchronously catching or asynchronous monitoring patient medical data, has shown a growing and widespread application in several chronic diseases, and, especially during and after COVID-19 pandemics, also in neuromuscular diseases.

OBJECTIVE: this review aims at providing an updated overview on the application of telemedicine and telemonitoring tools in neuromuscular diseases, in clinical practice, research and trials.

METHODS: a literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords regarding telemedicine applications and several neuromuscular diseases, including papers up to May 2024.

CONCLUSIONS: several tools have been developed and tested in myopathies, motoneuron diseases, myasthenia gravis and peripheral neuropathies, providing monitoring, assistance, and rehabilitation protocols for such frail population, for which obtaining real life data remotely can represent a concrete advantage in clinical trials and clinical practice. Although several barriers in the implementation of telemedicine in NMD still need to be overcome, there is evidence for both clinicians and patients showing positive acceptance and satisfaction on the use of remote supports, regarding them as confident outcome measures of quality of life in view of a more general concept of e-health solutions in routine medical care.},
}

@article {pmid40559719,
year = {2025},
author = {Qian, Q and Fan, G and Yang, W and Shen, C and Yang, Y and Liu, Y and Xiao, W},
title = {Advances in Diagnostic Techniques for Influenza Virus Infection: A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559719},
issn = {2414-6366},
support = {2024YFC2309900，2022YFC2304400，2022B1515020075，XKJS-CRGRK-006，LCYSSQ20220823091203007，SZSM202311033//National Key R&D Program of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China , Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation , Shenzhen Fund for Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialties , Shenzhen Clinical Research Cen/ ; },
abstract = {Influenza poses a significant global health burden due to its high transmissibility, antigenic variability, and substantial morbidity. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has further complicated influenza dynamics, highlighting the need for rapid, accurate, and accessible diagnostics. This review comprehensively summarized the advancements in influenza virus (IFV) detection, from conventional methods like viral culture and serology to modern molecular techniques, including CRISPR-based systems, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and biosensors. We analyze the sensitivity, specificity, and applicability of these methods and emphasize their roles in clinical and public health settings. While traditional techniques remain valuable for strain characterization, novel technologies like CRISPR and portable biosensors offer rapid, low-resource solutions. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the development of integrated diagnostic strategies for seasonal IFV epidemics and future pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid40559673,
year = {2025},
author = {Nash, C},
title = {Towards Optimal Health Through Boredom Aversion Based on Experiencing Psychological Flow in a Self-Directed Exercise Regime-A Scoping Review of Recent Research.},
journal = {Sports (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559673},
issn = {2075-4663},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Optimal health requires self-direction for exercise regime consistency. Boredom may cause abandoning regular exercise. Experiencing psychological flow-a concept psychologist Csikszentmihalyi originated-may avert boredom.

METHOD: A search of post-2020 peer-reviewed publications following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews investigates the range of research on this topic. The databases searched are OVID, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The keywords are "Csikszentmihalyi AND flow AND exercise AND boredom". Included returns contain all the keywords. Those excluded are reviews, books, reports missing any keywords, non-English reports, reports not based on research studies, and research published before 2020.

RESULTS: Two databases returned the included results: OVID (n = 3) and Google Scholar (n = 8).

CONCLUSIONS: (1) Boredom is not evident when experiencing exercise-programme psychological flow. (2) Psychological flow evolves with self-directed changes in an exercise programme. (3) Successful exercise programme modifications during COVID-19 considered the imposed limitations. (4) Exercise regimes that are neither excessive nor extreme promote optimal health. And (5) optimal health accounts for exercise skill level and gender. Additionally, cognitive bias is avertable with a research team. Studies should include the research date and location and how flow reduces boredom, permitting accurate comparisons.},
}

@article {pmid40559563,
year = {2025},
author = {Stasi, C and Bellini, M},
title = {Digestive Manifestations of Post-COVID-19: A Focus on Therapeutic Strategies.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559563},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Irritable Bowel Syndrome/etiology/virology ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 is a chronic infection-related syndrome, including exacerbations of pre-existing or newly diagnosed conditions that have been established after the acute phase of COVID-19 and have demonstrated a wide range of systemic effects beyond the lungs. SARS-CoV-2 attaches to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitates viral entry and spread. ACE-2 receptors are detectable in several tissues, including the respiratory mucosa, digestive tract, heart, kidney, and brain. Several investigations have demonstrated an increase in digestive manifestations post-acute COVID-19, likely related to an alteration in the intestinal microbiota following infection. These changes can lead to a loss of species diversity, resulting in an overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens and deprivation of commensal bacteria. In this context, post-infection irritable bowel syndrome shows an increased incidence compared to controls. Growing evidence also suggests the enduring presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gut tissue. Studies are ongoing to investigate antiviral agents that counteract prolonged COVID-19 symptoms. Therefore, the objectives of this review were to summarize the digestive manifestations, focusing on irritable bowel syndrome and therapeutic strategies. This review gives an overview of studies published in English in the last two years on the PubMed database.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome/etiology/virology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid40559562,
year = {2025},
author = {Hong, M and Wu, G and Ren, Y and Wu, S and Zhu, H and Chen, Z},
title = {Advancements in Pathogen Detection: Argonaute-Based Nucleic Acid Detection Technology.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559562},
issn = {2076-0817},
support = {2021YFF0600805//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; },
mesh = {*Argonaute Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; *Nucleic Acids/analysis/genetics ; },
abstract = {In recent years, global public health security has encountered significant challenges, with infectious diseases accounting for approximately 25% of global mortality annually. The worldwide pandemic instigated by the novel coronavirus, alongside the persistent threats posed by Ebola, influenza, and multidrug-resistant bacteria, has severely compromised human health, economic development, and social stability. Within this context, the development of rapid and precise pathogen detection technologies has emerged as a critical frontline defense for epidemic prevention and control, serving as a pivotal component in the implementation of the "early detection, early isolation, and early treatment" strategy. The Argonaute (Ago) protein, recognized as a programmable and target-specific activated nuclease, has demonstrated substantial potential in the realm of nucleic acid detection due to its distinctive biological properties, garnering considerable attention. In this study, we delineate the structural characteristics of Ago proteins and elucidate the mechanism underlying their nuclease activity. Furthermore, we review the principles of nucleic acid detection based on Argonaute and provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in related detection systems. Additionally, we compare the advantages of detection based on Argonaute with other detection methodologies. Through a comprehensive analysis, we aim to provide a robust theoretical foundation and an advanced technical reference for the development of new-generation nucleic acid detection platforms with high sensitivity and high specificity.},
}

*Argonaute Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics
Humans
*Nucleic Acids/analysis/genetics

@article {pmid40559430,
year = {2025},
author = {Bosco, A and Fanos, V and Bosone, S and Incandela, V and La Ciacera, F and Dessì, A},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 in Asthmatic Children: Same Consequences in Different Endotypes?.},
journal = {Metabolites},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559430},
issn = {2218-1989},
abstract = {During the early stages of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, concerns arose regarding the susceptibility of asthmatic children, one of the most common chronic conditions in childhood and a major cause of hospitalization in pediatric settings. Unexpectedly, evidences showed milder clinical courses and fewer asthma exacerbations in these patients, even if cases of critical and fatal infection, often related to specific clinical features of the patient, are not negligible. In this regard, obesity is considered not only an important comorbidity in patients with difficult-to-treat asthma but also a risk factor for more severe forms of COVID-19. These observations are of even greater concern in the context of an increase in childhood obesity that began even before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and has continued also as a consequence of it. Given asthma's heterogeneity, especially in children, an endotype-based approach is crucial. This is possible through a detailed analysis of the complex metabolic pathways that correlate asthma, COVID-19 infection and obesity thanks to new high-through-put technologies, especially metabolomics, which with minimally invasive sampling, including on exhaled breath condensate (EBC), can provide precise and unbiased evidence in support of existing endotypes, making it possible to identify not only the most vulnerable individuals and thus risk stratification through specific biomarkers, but also new molecular and therapeutic targets. This review explores asthma endotypes by highlighting their shared immunometabolic pathways with COVID-19. Findings suggest that metabolomics could enable more accurate risk stratification and guide personalized interventions during viral pandemics, especially in the presence of relevant comorbidities such as obesity.},
}

@article {pmid40559389,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, H and Coarfa, C and Charania, AN and Larson-Casey, JL and Rosas, IO and He, C},
title = {Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 in Lung Diseases.},
journal = {Metabolites},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559389},
issn = {2218-1989},
support = {K08 HL163406/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; 5K08HL163406-02/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also known as osteopontin (OPN) or early T lymphocyte activation protein 1 (ETA-1), is a multifunctional protein involved in numerous biological processes, including immune modulation, stress response, and tissue remodeling. The role of SPP1 in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) has become an area of increasing interest, given its elevated expression in various ILDs such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD), and pneumoconiosis, especially with recent data derived from single-cell RNA sequencing. In addition to ILDs, SPP1 has been implicated in infectious granulomatous lung diseases, lung and pleural malignancies, airway diseases, and COVID-19. In most cases, higher SPP1 levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or lung tissue carry a poor prognosis. SPP1 is expressed in multiple cells critical for fibrogenesis, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, and SPP1 has emerged as a potential target for therapeutic interventions. Here, we review the proposed mechanisms by which SPP1 contributes to the development of lung disease, with an emphasis on ILD.},
}

@article {pmid40559367,
year = {2025},
author = {Nyongesa, C and Majeed, T and Remond, M and Lewandowski, A and Dolja-Gore, X and Haysom, L and Sullivan, E},
title = {A Systematic Review of the Concepts of Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Efficiency as Applied and Measured for Virtual Health Care Delivery in Correctional Facilities.},
journal = {Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1089/tmj.2024.0554},
pmid = {40559367},
issn = {1556-3669},
abstract = {Background: The use of virtual care interventions in correctional facilities has increased in recent years owing to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the literature shows variability in the application and measurement of efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of virtual care interventions. This systematic review addresses this gap in evidence and provides an overview and appraisal of the methods and measures used to evaluate these aspects of virtual care interventions in correctional facilities, using a modified conceptual framework by the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: We conducted a systematic review using a narrative synthesis approach. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2014 and 2024. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistical Assessment and Review Instrument was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Results: Twenty-one studies were included, and most were conducted in the United States and focused on synchronous modality for adult males. None of the studies explicitly defined the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of virtual care interventions. The concept of effectiveness was the most frequently explored, and aligned best with WHO's conceptual framework, whereas efficiency was the least explored. The most common evaluation measures were clinical effectiveness, user satisfaction, and interexaminer agreement. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for adopting a unified framework for evaluating virtual care in correctional facilities that can standardize evaluation metrics and improve resource allocation, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes by ensuring that virtual care interventions are efficacious, effective, and efficient.},
}